The DOI matches its Crossref record; 326 of the 326 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association
Abstract
Objective Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions. This paper describes evidence-based clinical guidelines for the clinical management of hypothyroidism in ambulatory patients.Methods The development of these guidelines was commissioned by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) in association with American Thyroid Association (ATA). AACE and the ATA assembled a task force of expert clinicians who authored this article. The authors examined relevant literature and took an evidence-based medicine approach that incorporated their knowledge and experience to develop a series of specific recommendations and the rationale for these recommendations. The strength of the recommendations and the quality of evidence supporting each was rated according to the approach outlined in the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Protocol for Standardized Production of Clinical Guidelines-2010 update.Results Topics addressed include the etiology, epidemiology, clinical and laboratory evaluation, management, and consequences of hypothyroidism. Screening, treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and areas for future research are also covered.Conclusions Fifty-two evidence-based recommendations and subrecommendations were developed to aid in the care of patients with hypothyroidism and to share what the authors believe is current, rational, and optimal medical practice for the diagnosis and care of hypothyroidism. A serum thyrotropin is the single best screening test for primary thyroid dysfunction for the vast majority of outpatient clinical situations. The standard treatment is replacement with L-thyroxine. The decision to treat subclinical hypothyroidism when the serum thyrotropin is less than 10 mIU/L should be tailored to the individual patient.
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In the citing paper
“This approach is a compromise between the Canadian guidance, which recommends against screening for thyroid dysfunction in asymptomatic, non-pregnant adults, 108 and the American Thyroid Association guidance, which recommends aggressive case finding in patients with associated autoimmune diseases, firstdegree relatives with autoimmune diseases, previous neck irradiation, and those with psychiatric”
From Hypothyroidism (2024) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“The 2012 ATA guidelines 31 recommended an initial levothyroxine dose of 25 μg/d to 50 μg/d for patients with cardiovascular disease.”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“In the most severe forms, chronic and pericardial interstitial edema, associated with reduced myocardial contractility, can progress to cardiac tamponade [1, 3].”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Overt hypothyroidism causes an interstitial accumulation of glycosaminoglycans that attracts water from the endovascular compartment, reducing the effectiveness of medical therapy.”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Echocardiographic studies have shown that overt hypothyroidism is often associated with early diastolic dysfunction which, together with the frequent occurrence of diastolic hypertension and/or other risk factors in these patients, can lead to difficult-to-treat heart failure [1, 3].”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The presence of hypothyroidism also involves a reduction in the activity of the myocardial pacemaker and a lengthening of the QT intervals which can lead to the appearance of advanced atrio-ventricular blocks or torsades-de-pointes resulting in ventricular tachycardia [1, 3].”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Garber, J. R., Cobin, R. H., Gharib, H., Hennessey, J. V., Klein, I., Mechanick, J. I., Pessah-Pollack, R., Singer, P. A., & Woeber, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- North Shore University Hospital (US)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garber, Jeffrey R.
- Venue
- Endocrine Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 988-1028
- ISSN
- 1530-891X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2530107877
- Semantic Scholar
- 0721e97fb534936b43ee3dc9c98462f98caef7e1
- Cited by
- 1,567
- References
- 315
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 143 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 143 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 68.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, thyroid screening, serum thyrotropin, hypothyroidism diagnosis, hypothyroidism management, pregnancy, outpatient care
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hypothyroidism, Societies, Medical, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, United States, Evidence-Based Medicine, Disease Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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