The DOI matches its Crossref record; 327 of the 327 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association
Abstract
Objective Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. Appropriate treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions. This paper describes evidence-based clinical guidelines for the clinical management of hypothyroidism in ambulatory patients.Methods The development of these guidelines was commissioned by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) in association with American Thyroid Association (ATA). AACE and the ATA assembled a task force of expert clinicians who authored this article. The authors examined relevant literature and took an evidence-based medicine approach that incorporated their knowledge and experience to develop a series of specific recommendations and the rationale for these recommendations. The strength of the recommendations and the quality of evidence supporting each was rated according to the approach outlined in the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Protocol for Standardized Production of Clinical Guidelines-2010 update.Results Topics addressed include the etiology, epidemiology, clinical and laboratory evaluation, management, and consequences of hypothyroidism. Screening, treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and areas for future research are also covered.Conclusions Fifty-two evidence-based recommendations and subrecommendations were developed to aid in the care of patients with hypothyroidism and to share what the authors believe is current, rational, and optimal medical practice for the diagnosis and care of hypothyroidism. A serum thyrotropin is the single best screening test for primary thyroid dysfunction for the vast majority of outpatient clinical situations. The standard treatment is replacement with L-thyroxine. The decision to treat subclinical hypothyroidism when the serum thyrotropin is less than 10 mIU/L should be tailored to the individual patient.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This approach is a compromise between the Canadian guidance, which recommends against screening for thyroid dysfunction in asymptomatic, non-pregnant adults, 108 and the American Thyroid Association guidance, which recommends aggressive case finding in patients with associated autoimmune diseases, firstdegree relatives with autoimmune diseases, previous neck irradiation, and those with psychiatric”
From Hypothyroidism (2024) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“The 2012 ATA guidelines 31 recommended an initial levothyroxine dose of 25 μg/d to 50 μg/d for patients with cardiovascular disease.”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“In the most severe forms, chronic and pericardial interstitial edema, associated with reduced myocardial contractility, can progress to cardiac tamponade [1, 3].”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Overt hypothyroidism causes an interstitial accumulation of glycosaminoglycans that attracts water from the endovascular compartment, reducing the effectiveness of medical therapy.”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Echocardiographic studies have shown that overt hypothyroidism is often associated with early diastolic dysfunction which, together with the frequent occurrence of diastolic hypertension and/or other risk factors in these patients, can lead to difficult-to-treat heart failure [1, 3].”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The presence of hypothyroidism also involves a reduction in the activity of the myocardial pacemaker and a lengthening of the QT intervals which can lead to the appearance of advanced atrio-ventricular blocks or torsades-de-pointes resulting in ventricular tachycardia [1, 3].”
From Thyroid and heart, a clinically relevant relationship (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., & Braverman, L. E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.2.489 · Cited by 4,279
Stagnaro-Green, A., Abalovich, M., Alexander, E., Azizi, F., Mestman, J., Negro, R., Nixon, A., Pearce, E. N., Soldin, O. P., Sullivan, S., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0087 · Cited by 2,942
The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study
Canaris, G. J., Manowitz, N. R., Mayor, G., & Ridgway, E. C. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526 · Cited by 2,824
THE SPECTRUM OF THYROID DISEASE IN A COMMUNITY: THE WHICKHAM SURVEY
Tunbridge, W. M. G., Evered, D. C., Hall, R., Appleton, D. R., BREWIS, M., CLARK, F., Evans, J. G., Young, E. T., Bird, T., & Smith, P. (1977) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x · Cited by 2,665
Haddow, J. E., Palomaki, G. E., Allan, W. C., Williams, J. R., Knight, G. J., Gagnon, J., O'Heir, C. E., Mitchell, M. L., Hermos, R. J., Waisbren, S. E., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410801 · Cited by 2,558
The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
Vanderpump, M. P. J., Tunbrldge, W. M. G., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Evans, J. G., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., et al. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x · Cited by 2,432
American Academy of Family Physicians
(1966) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196611172752014 · Cited by 1,947
DeGroot, L. J., Abalovich, M., Alexander, E. K., Amino, N., Barbour, L. A., Cobin, R. H., Eastman, C. J., Lazarus, J. H., Luton, D., Mandel, S. J., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2803 · Cited by 1,885
Self-citationSubclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management
Surks, M. I., Ortiz, E., Daniels, G. H., Sawin, C. T., Col, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Franklyn, J. A., Hershman, J. M., Burman, K. D., Denke, M. A., et al. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.2.228 · Cited by 1,800
Self-citationLow Serum Thyrotropin Concentrations as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in Older Persons
Sawin, C. T., Geller, A., Wolf, P. A., Belanger, A. J., Baker, E., Bacharach, P., Wilson, P., Benjamin, E. J., & D'Agostino, R. B. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199411103311901 · Cited by 1,259
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Garcia, 1995, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, Endocr Pract, 1, 54
- Boothby, 1929, Normal values of basal or standard metabolism. A modification of the Dubois standards, Am J Physiol, 90, 290
- Means, 1940, The pituitary type of myxedema or Simmond's disease masquerading as myxedema, Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 55, 32
- Lamson, 2004, Quantitation of a substantial reduction in levothyroxine (T4) reduction by food [abstract], Thyroid, 14, 876
- Yu X, Shan Z, Teng W, et al. A prospective study on impact of subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy receiving levothyroxine treatment or not on neuropsychological development of the offspring. ITC 2010-1037. Presented at: 14th International Thyroid Conference; September 11-16, 2010; Paris, France. [EL2]
- Gharib, 1999, Subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy: position statement from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Endocr Pract, 5, 367
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928
Mechanick, J. I., Youdim, A., Jones, D. B., Garvey, W. T., Hurley, D. L., McMahon, M. M., Heinberg, L. J., Kushner, R., Adams, T. D., Shikora, S., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20461 · Cited by 1,650
Self-citationPractice Bulletin No. 183: postpartum hemorrhage
(2017) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002351 · Cited by 1,406
Chaker, L., Bianco, A. C., Jonklaas, J., & Peeters, R. P. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30703-1 · Cited by 1,159
2013 ETA Guideline: Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Pearce, S. H. S., Brabant, G., Duntas, L. H., Monzani, F., Peeters, R. P., Razvi, S., & Wemeau, J.-L. (2013) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000356507 · Cited by 877
Metadata
- Authors
- Garber, J. R., Cobin, R. H., Gharib, H., Hennessey, J. V., Klein, I., Mechanick, J. I., Pessah-Pollack, R., Singer, P. A., & Woeber, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- North Shore University Hospital (US)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garber, Jeffrey R.
- Venue
- Endocrine Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 988-1028
- ISSN
- 1530-891X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2530107877
- Semantic Scholar
- 0721e97fb534936b43ee3dc9c98462f98caef7e1
- Cited by
- 1,567
- References
- 315
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 143 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 143 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 104 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 68.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, thyroid screening, serum thyrotropin, hypothyroidism diagnosis, hypothyroidism management, pregnancy, outpatient care
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Hypothyroidism, Societies, Medical, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, United States, Evidence-Based Medicine, Disease Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
