Chapter 5. Climbing
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Extant arboreal vertebrates have a suite of adaptations different from their terrestrial counterparts to aid in moving along thin diameter branches, such as large phalangeal indices and extremely mobile shoulder/hip and wrist/ankle joints.
“Extant arboreal vertebrates have a suite of adaptations different from their terrestrial counterparts to aid in moving along thin diameter branches, such as large phalangeal indices and extremely mobile shoulder/hip and wrist/ankle joints [25].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Occasional climbers require little behavioural or morphological adaptations.
“Occasional climbers, require little behavioural or morphological adaptations.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Seventeen discrete characters diagnostic for habitat preference have been demonstrated to be indicators of increasing arboreality.
“These characters have been demonstrated to be indicators of increasing arboreality [25], [42], [57].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Increased levels of arboreality are associated with decreased BI values (relatively longer zeugopodial elements in the forelimb).
“Increased levels of arboreality are associated with decreased BI values [25], [42] i.e. relatively longer zeugopodial elements in the forelimb.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Climbing adaptations often manifest themselves primarily in the hindlimb.
“it has been suggested that climbing adaptations often manifest themselves primarily in the hindlimb [25], [45].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Truly arboreal tetrapods have convergent solutions to the twin problem of securing themselves while maintaining manoeuvrability.
“Truly arboreal tetrapods, or those for whom a scansorial lifestyle occupies a large portion of their foraging regimes, have convergent solutions to the twin problem of securing themselves while maintaining manoeuvrability [25], [32], [34]–[36].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In climbing animals an upright distal limb segment is not seen during climbing as it raises the centre of mass away from the substrate and increases effort and rotational forces.
“In climbing animals an upright distal limb segment is not seen during climbing as it raises the centre of mass away from the substrate (the vertical trunk or along sub horizontal thin branches) and increasing the effort during climbing and the rotational forces during branch walking which leads to increased likelihood of falling [25].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Extant avian and mammalian climbers reduce the distance between their centre of gravity and the substrate by crouching.
“Extant avian and mammalian climbers reduce the distance between their centre of gravity and the substrate by crouching [25], [61], [62].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
A reversed hallux is crucial for arboreal locomotion in extant birds because they cannot rotate their ankles.
“and is crucial for arboreal locomotion in extant birds [19], [25] because they cannot rotate their ankles.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
Mobility in multiple planes in the ankle joint is critical for arboreal locomotion in extant organisms.
“Mobility in multiple planes in the ankle joint is critical for arboreal locomotion in extant organisms [25], [70], [91].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Cartmill, M.
- Corresponding author
- Cartmill, Matt
- ORCID
- Cartmill, Matt
- Venue
- Functional Vertebrate Morphology
- Publisher
- Harvard University Press
- Published
- 1985-12-31
- Pages
- 73-88
- OpenAlex
- W2504502712
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Travel Writing and Literature
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › High Altitude and Hypoxia
- Keywords
- climbing
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