The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year.
Chapter 5. Climbing
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Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Extant arboreal vertebrates have a suite of adaptations different from their terrestrial counterparts to aid in moving along thin diameter branches, such as large phalangeal indices and extremely mobile shoulder/hip and wrist/ankle joints [25].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Occasional climbers, require little behavioural or morphological adaptations.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“These characters have been demonstrated to be indicators of increasing arboreality [25], [42], [57].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Increased levels of arboreality are associated with decreased BI values [25], [42] i.e. relatively longer zeugopodial elements in the forelimb.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“it has been suggested that climbing adaptations often manifest themselves primarily in the hindlimb [25], [45].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Truly arboreal tetrapods, or those for whom a scansorial lifestyle occupies a large portion of their foraging regimes, have convergent solutions to the twin problem of securing themselves while maintaining manoeuvrability [25], [32], [34]–[36].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In climbing animals an upright distal limb segment is not seen during climbing as it raises the centre of mass away from the substrate (the vertical trunk or along sub horizontal thin branches) and increasing the effort during climbing and the rotational forces during branch walking which leads to increased likelihood of falling [25].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Extant avian and mammalian climbers reduce the distance between their centre of gravity and the substrate by crouching [25], [61], [62].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“and is crucial for arboreal locomotion in extant birds [19], [25] because they cannot rotate their ankles.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Mobility in multiple planes in the ankle joint is critical for arboreal locomotion in extant organisms [25], [70], [91].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
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“…proportions of climbing birds depending on their scaling technique and overall foot morphology; species possessing stiff tail feathers to act as a brace (such as woodpeckers) exhibit shorter toes than those that must grip the substrate unassisted (such as nuthatches) (Feduccia 1973; Cartmill 1985).”
BackgroundYoung, J. W., Hyde, A., & German, R. Z. (2019) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz066 · Cited by 5
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Grasping performance in primates does not align with preferred substrate use
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Center of mass position does not drive energetic costs during climbing
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“In contrast, hindlimbs are used to push the lizard body and accelerate movement (Lammers & Biknevicius, 2004; Schmidt & Fischer, 2010), and long claws and long toepads offer more contact surface (Cartmill, 1985; Foster & Higham, 2012) which increases acceleration.”
MethodHamidi, K., Matin, M. M., Pérez, M. J., Kilpatrick, C. W., & Darvish, J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2755 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Onychectomy (Declawing) on Forearm and Leg Myology in a Kinkajou (Potos flavus)
Martens, L. L., Brown, R. A., Faillace, A. C. L., Berger, A., Smith, R. L. J., Bertok, K., Humphries, L., Lassiter, A., & Hartstone‐Rose, A. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14192774 · Cited by 1
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“locomotor modes which allow them to minimize the risk of falling and to move efficiently within the vertical strata of forests (Dublin 1903; Cartmill 1985; Preuschoft 2002; Young 2023).”
InfluentialBone microstructure of the basal anomodont Suminia getmanovi supports its arboreal lifestyle
Nieke, S., Fröbisch, J., & Canoville, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92727-w · Cited by 1
“An overall lower body mass is indeed advantageous to counteract gravitational and inertial forces during vertical ascent 38 .”
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Prang, T. C. (2025) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70129 · Cited by 1
Medina‐González, P. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.70069 · Cited by 1
Garner, A. M., & Russell, A. P. (2026) · Biologically-inspired systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11949-0_4 · Cited by 1
Limb kinematics and morphology improve salamander climbing performance
Huie, J. M., & Kawano, S. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.251894 · Cited by 1
Casado, A., Cuesta‐Torralvo, E., Pastor, J. F., de Diego, M., Gómez, M., Ciurana, N., & Potau, J. M. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24568 · Cited by 1
Jung, H., Simons, E. A., Holowka, N. B., & von Cramon‐Taubadel, N. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24597 · Cited by 1
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Woldt, K. M., Pratt, R. B., Statham, M. J., Barthman‐Thompson, L. M., & Sustaita, D. (2024) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.14047 · Cited by 1
Bodden, V., & Puschendorf, R. (2019) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12664 · Cited by 1
“Forelimb and hindlimb function in arboreal environments is more complex than in 6 terrestrial ones so there is the possibility that longer forelimbs could contribute to dispersal ability in 7 arboreal species (Cartmill, 1985).”
BackgroundYang, Y., Youlatos, D., Behie, A. M., Belbeisi, R. A., Huang, Z., Tian, Y., Wang, B., Zhou, L., & Xiao, W. (2021) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zoab071 · Cited by 1
Salles, A. Y. F. D. L., de Andrade, J. K., de Souza, J. G., Freitas, K. D. B., Carreiro, A. D. N., Veloso, E. V. L., Rocha, E. F., Klem, M. A. P., Câmara, F. V., & de Menezes, D. J. A. (2022) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23433 · Cited by 1
Arboreal Locomotion: Moving in the Trees
Polet, D. T., & Bertram, J. E. A. (2021) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029353 · Cited by 1
Saunders, E. L. R., Roberts, A., & Thorpe, S. K. S. (2018) · The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0392 · Cited by 1
Ferreira, G. S. V., Bars‐Closel, M., de Barros, F. C., Klein, W., & Kohlsdorf, T. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4872128 · Cited by 1
Tetrapod Climbing and Swinging
Bertram, J. E. A. (2001) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001870
Endless Forms Most Beau-toe-ful: Evolution of the Human HalluxPreprint
Throckmorton, Z. (2015) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/019653
Hildebrand, M., & Goslow, G. E. (2004) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18951-7_26
泰弘, 菊. (2020) · Journal of the Society of Biomechanisms · doi:10.3951/sobim.44.2_61
Hanna, J. B. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Primatology · doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0070
Granatosky, M. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1422
Granatosky, M. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1833
Savallo, M. A., Pita, M. R. T., Batista, N. J., & Granatosky, M. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1933
Evidence for clinging arboreality in a Middle Jurassic stem lepidosaur
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Toussaint, S., Youlatos, D., & Nyakatura, J. A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108268.3
Muzio, R. N., Abdala, V. S. L., Manzano, A. S., & Vassallo, A. I. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution · doi:10.1002/jez.b.23328 · Cited by 1
Effect of Body Configuration on Perturbation Resistance Across Arboreal Lizard Species
Munteanu, V. D., Brewington, T., Swisher, S., Kellerhals, A., & Blob, R. W. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.70041
“Maintaining a CoM closer to the substrate is commonly observed in above ‐ branch stance and locomotion among other arboreal animals, potentially helping to maintain equilibrium (Cartmill 1985; Chadwell and Young 2015; Van Damme 1997).”
Toussaint, S., Youlatos, D., & Nyakatura, J. A. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108268.1
Toussaint, S., Youlatos, D., & Nyakatura, J. A. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108268
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The Visual‐Predation Theory: A Binocular Look Backward
Cartmill, M., & Brown, K. (2026) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70192
Self-citationLammers, A. R., Schepelmann, G. L., Safady, O., & Lammers, B. N. (2026) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.70119
Ecology of Arboreal Mammals of Neotropical Forests: A Review of the State of Knowledge
García-Casimiro, E., & Santos‐Moreno, A. (2026) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.70213
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Genomic adaptations for vertical ecological niche diversification in Asian tree frogs
Li, R., Ren, J.-L., Ji-shan, W., Yan, C., Wu, W., Lyu, Z.-T., Li, M.-L., Huang, J., Xue, T., Li, J.-T., et al. (2026) · The Innovation Life · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2026.100243
Romanello, L., Kocer, B. B., & Kovač, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1859773
“In evolutionary terms, these robots resemble early arboreal organisms capable of climbing but not yet adapted to navigate interconnected branch networks Cartmill (1985).”
Kilbourne, B. M., Olivares, L. A. R., Maran, T., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2026) · BMC Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12862-026-02576-y
Arboreal signals in the skeletal proportions of the Gorilla foot
Greiner, E. G., Ruff, C. B., Lukova, A., Nkwasibwe, A., Muhire, T., Tibenda, E., Massey, J. S., Junno, J., Syeda, S. M., Noheri, J. B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.70259
“We hypothesize that longer central pedal rays (Mt3–Mt4) would be advantageous for more arbo-real gorillas because they would enhance the functional versatility of the foot during movement and support in an arboreal context (Cartmill, 1985).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Cartmill, M.
- Corresponding author
- Cartmill, Matt
- ORCID
- Cartmill, Matt
- Venue
- Functional Vertebrate Morphology
- Publisher
- Harvard University Press
- Published
- 1985-12-31
- Pages
- 73-88
- OpenAlex
- W2504502712
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Travel Writing and Literature
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › High Altitude and Hypoxia
- Keywords
- climbing
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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