The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year.
Chapter 5. Climbing
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In the citing paper
“Extant arboreal vertebrates have a suite of adaptations different from their terrestrial counterparts to aid in moving along thin diameter branches, such as large phalangeal indices and extremely mobile shoulder/hip and wrist/ankle joints [25].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Occasional climbers, require little behavioural or morphological adaptations.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“These characters have been demonstrated to be indicators of increasing arboreality [25], [42], [57].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Increased levels of arboreality are associated with decreased BI values [25], [42] i.e. relatively longer zeugopodial elements in the forelimb.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“it has been suggested that climbing adaptations often manifest themselves primarily in the hindlimb [25], [45].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Truly arboreal tetrapods, or those for whom a scansorial lifestyle occupies a large portion of their foraging regimes, have convergent solutions to the twin problem of securing themselves while maintaining manoeuvrability [25], [32], [34]–[36].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In climbing animals an upright distal limb segment is not seen during climbing as it raises the centre of mass away from the substrate (the vertical trunk or along sub horizontal thin branches) and increasing the effort during climbing and the rotational forces during branch walking which leads to increased likelihood of falling [25].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Extant avian and mammalian climbers reduce the distance between their centre of gravity and the substrate by crouching [25], [61], [62].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“and is crucial for arboreal locomotion in extant birds [19], [25] because they cannot rotate their ankles.”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Mobility in multiple planes in the ankle joint is critical for arboreal locomotion in extant organisms [25], [70], [91].”
From Assessing Arboreal Adaptations of Bird Antecedents: Testing the Ecological Setting of the Origin of the Avian Flight Stroke (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
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The shape of the hominoid proximal femur: a geometric morphometric analysis
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BackgroundOsteological correlates of tail prehensility in carnivorans
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“Locomotion on narrow arboreal substrates increases the likelihood that the animal’s center of mass (CoM) will pass laterally beyond the edge of the substrate, inducing disruptive rolling torques (Cartmill, 1985; Preuschoft et al., 1995).”
BackgroundAngular momentum and arboreal stability in common marmosets ( C allithrixjacchus)
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“Studies of adhesion have largely been carried out on flat surfaces, specifically because, on such surfaces, there is no possible contribution from adduction forces (Cartmill, 1985).”
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How to climb a tree: lizards accelerate faster, but pause more, when escaping on vertical surfaces
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“Most anoles lizards explore the narrow branch niches using their grasping hands, while Physignatus utilizes its interlocking claws for gripping (Cartmill, 1985; Biewener, 2003; Tulli et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialNations, J. A., Heaney, L. R., Demos, T. C., Achmadi, A. S., Rowe, K. C., & Esselstyn, J. A. (2019) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz085 · Cited by 31
“Given that tail length is thought to be associated with climbing (Cartmill, 1985), we included a tail length index using data drawn from specimen tags and field notes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGoodman, B. A. (2007) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00778.x · Cited by 31
Shapiro, L. J., & Young, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.062588 · Cited by 31
Taverne, M., Fabre, A., Herbin, M., Herrel, A., Peigné, S., Lacroux, C., Lowie, A., Pagès, F., Theil, J., & Böhmer, C. (2018) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly123 · Cited by 30
“…because the three-dimensional nature of the arboreal habitat forces organisms to move on unstable substrates of variable size and orientation (Cartmill, 1985), thus imposing very different functional constraints compared with a terrestrial habitat, where the locomotor environment is…”
BackgroundThe finer points of urban adaptation: intraspecific variation in lizard claw morphology
Falvey, C. H., Avilés‐Rodríguez, K. J., Hagey, T. J., & Winchell, K. M. (2020) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa123 · Cited by 30
A unicellular walker controlled by a microtubule-based finite-state machine
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Hesse, B., Nyakatura, J. A., Fischer, M. S., & Schmidt, M. (2014) · Journal of Mammalian Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10914-014-9283-4 · Cited by 30
Bezanson, M., & Morbeck, M. E. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4060-4_19 · Cited by 29
Jayne, B. C., & Herrmann, M. P. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.055293 · Cited by 29
Jayne, B. C., Newman, S. J., Zentkovich, M. M., & Berns, H. M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.129379 · Cited by 29
Foster, K. L., Garland, T., Schmitz, L., & Higham, T. E. (2018) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly146 · Cited by 32
“…broad tree trunks not only have to combat the negative effects of gravity, but also must overcome the tendency to topple out and away from the surface and roll laterally along the long axis of the body (i.e. rotation in the transverse plane; Cartmill, 1985; Preuschoft, 2002; Revell et al., 2007).”
BackgroundFunctional diversity of small-mammal postcrania is linked to both substrate preference and body size
Weaver, L. N., & Grossnickle, D. M. (2020) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zoaa057 · Cited by 29
Jenkins, X. A., Pritchard, A. C., Marsh, A. D., Kligman, B. T., Sidor, C. A., & Reed, K. E. (2020) · Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology · doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1810058 · Cited by 29
“A deeper manual ungual would have a selective advantage, being able to resist these forces and becoming less likely to break whereas a narrow tip would allow the penetration of a soft yet coherent substrate, such as wood, further promoting climbing ability (Cartmill, 1985).”
BackgroundPostcranial and Locomotor Adaptations of Hominoids
Ward, C. V. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_34 · Cited by 28
Convergent body flattening in a clade of tropical rock-using lizards (Scincidae: Lygosominae)
Goodman, B. A., & ISAAC, J. L. (2008) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00988.x · Cited by 28
Ober, K. A. (2003) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00342.x · Cited by 28
Hyams, S. E., Jayne, B., & Cameron, G. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.1746 · Cited by 29
Soliz, M., Tulli, M. J., & Abdala, V. S. L. (2017) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.20651 · Cited by 29
Krause, C., & Fischer, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.082586 · Cited by 27
Positional behavior ofCebuella pygmaea in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador
Youlatos, D. (1999) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02574829 · Cited by 27
Pedal grasping in an arboreal rodent relates to above‐branch behavior on slender substrates
Youlatos, D., Karantanis, N., Byron, C. D., & Panyutina, A. A. (2015) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12237 · Cited by 26
Karantanis, N., Rychlik, L., Herrel, A., & Youlatos, D. (2016) · Journal of Mammalian Evolution · doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9374-5 · Cited by 26
“Climbing is the locomotor mode in which an animal moves upwards or downwards on vertical or very steep substrates (Cartmill 1985; Hunt et al. 1996).”
BackgroundGranatosky, M. C., Karantanis, N., Rychlik, L., & Youlatos, D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2221 · Cited by 26
Pardiñas, U. F. J., Tinoco, N., Barbière, F., Ronez, C., Cañón, C., Lessa, G. M., Koch, C., & Brito, J. (2022) · Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac016 · Cited by 26
Abdala, V. S. L., Tulli, M. J., Russell, A. P., Powell, G. L., & Cruz, F. B. (2014) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.22851 · Cited by 26
Prang, T. C. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22982 · Cited by 26
Multivariate analysis of organismal and habitat parameters in two neotropical primate communities
Youlatos, D. (2003) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.10307 · Cited by 26
Bello‐Hellegouarch, G., Potau, J. M., Arias‐Martorell, J., Pastor, J. F., & Pérez‐Pérez, A. (2013) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9660-5 · Cited by 26
Jagnandan, K., & Higham, T. E. (2018) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly056 · Cited by 25
“Ecological and morphological factors may play a role, as arboreal animals probably have a greater need for balance and stability than efficiency (Cartmill, 1985).”
BackgroundLocomotion, Postures, and Habitat Use by Pygmy Marmosets (Cebuella pygmaea)
Youlatos, D. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_15 · Cited by 25
Gait dynamics of Cebus apella during quadrupedalism on different substrates
Carlson, K. J., & Demes, B. (2010) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.21224 · Cited by 24
Hsieh, S. T. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.124958 · Cited by 24
“Consistent with other studies on arboreal quadrupeds (Cartmill, 1985; Larson and Stern, 2006; Lammers, 2009), forelimb stance width was always narrower than hindlimb stance width, indicating that the hindfeet tended to be placed lower and more laterally on the perches.”
ResultTHE SHORT LEGS OF GREAT APES: EVIDENCE FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN AUSTRALOPITHS
Carrier, D. R. (2007) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00061.x · Cited by 25
Parsi-Pour, P., & Kilbourne, B. M. (2020) · Integrative Organismal Biology · doi:10.1093/iob/obz032 · Cited by 23
Tail length evolution in deer mice: linking morphology, behavior and function.
Hager, E. R., & Hoekstra, H. (2021) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icab030 · Cited by 18
Genomic adaptations for arboreal locomotion in Asian flying treefrogs
Wu, W., Gao, Y., Jiang, D., Lei, J., Ren, J., Liao, W., Deng, C., Wang, Z., Hillis, D. M., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2116342119 · Cited by 23
Gait characteristics of vertical climbing in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees
Neufuss, J., Robbins, M. M., Baeumer, J., Humle, T., & Kivell, T. L. (2018) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12577 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Cartmill, M.
- Corresponding author
- Cartmill, Matt
- ORCID
- Cartmill, Matt
- Venue
- Functional Vertebrate Morphology
- Publisher
- Harvard University Press
- Published
- 1985-12-31
- Pages
- 73-88
- OpenAlex
- W2504502712
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Adventure Sports and Sensation Seeking
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Travel Writing and Literature
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › High Altitude and Hypoxia
- Keywords
- climbing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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