The gut microbiota and mucosal homeostasis: Colonized at birth or at adulthood, does it matter?
Open accessAbstract
The intimate interplay between the gut microbiota and the host may contribute to health and disease in the host. Experiments using conventionalized and conventionally raised animal models have illustrated the role of the intestinal microbiota in shaping and maintaining the host immune system. However, it is still unclear whether colonization at birth or at adulthood induces different host responses. Here, we perform comparative transcriptome analyses to elucidate the impact of the gut microbiota on the development and maintenance of the immune system in adult conventionalized (after 16 and 30 days of colonization) and conventionally raised mice, which were obtained in two independent laboratories. Transcriptional profiles of jejunum, ileum and colon were compared between germfree, conventionally raised mice and conventionalized mice. Germfree mice from the two different facilities clustered together, establishing the validity of the comparative analysis. Nevertheless, significant spatial differences were detected along the gut; the jejunum and colon exhibited a transient response (conventionalized mice) that eventually returned to a homeostatic level (conventionally raised). In contrast, the ileal response to microbiota was similar in conventionalized and conventionally raised mice. Overall, this comparative analysis supports the hypothesis that co-development of the gut microbiota and its host initiates at early stage of development and indicates that despite the achieved homeostasis, immune development is substantially different in mice conventionalized in adulthood. These findings imply that colonization during development is required to meet the window of opportunity where the gut microbiota can imprint the host's mucosal immune-homeostasis in a way that cannot be achieved at later stages in life.
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Deficits in germ-free mice can be corrected by colonization with diverse commensal bacteria, but this is age-dependent, suggesting composition and timing of colonization are critical for immune education.
“These deficits can be corrected by colonization with diverse commensal bacteria; however, this has been shown to be age-dependent, suggesting that both composition and timing of colonization are critical for the education of the immune system [16–18].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- El Aidy, S., Hooiveld, G., Tremaroli, V., Bäckhed, F., & Kleerebezem, M.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Nederlands Instituut Voor Zuivel Oonderzoek (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kleerebezem, Michiel
- Venue
- Gut Microbes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 118-124
- ISSN
- 1949-0976 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-0984
- PMC
- PMC3595071
- OpenAlex
- W1933219276
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gut Microbes (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, mucosal immunity, immune homeostasis, germ-free mice, conventionalization, host-microbe interactions, intestinal transcriptome, jejunum, ileum, colon, immune system development
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Homeostasis, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Gene Expression Profiling, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Metagenome
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