The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance
Open accessAbstract
Binary toxin (CDT) is frequently observed in Clostridium difficile strains associated with increased severity of C. difficile infection (CDI). CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP-ribosylating toxins consisting of two separate toxin components: CDTa, the enzymatic ADP-ribosyltransferase which modifies actin, and CDTb which binds to host cells and translocates CDTa into the cytosol. CDTb is activated by serine proteases and binds to lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor. ADP-ribosylation induces depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. Toxin-induced actin depolymerization also produces microtubule-based membrane protrusions which form a network on epithelial cells and increase bacterial adherence. Multiple clinical studies indicate an association between binary toxin genes in C. difficile and increased 30-d CDI mortality independent of PCR ribotype. Further studies including measures of binary toxin in stool, analyses of CDI mortality caused by CDT-producing strains, and examination of the relationship of CDT expression to TcdA and TcdB toxin variants and PCR ribotypes are needed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Actin, a Central Player in Cell Shape and Movement
Pollard, T. D., & Cooper, J. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1175862 · Cited by 2,088
An Epidemic, Toxin Gene–Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile
McDonald, L. C., Killgore, G. E., Thompson, A., Owens, R. C., Kazakova, S. V., Sambol, S. P., Johnson, S., & Gerding, D. N. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051590 · Cited by 2,006
Self-citationLoo, V. G., Poirier, L., Miller, M. A., Oughton, M., Libman, M. D., Michaud, S., Bourgault, A.-M., Nguyen, T., Frenette, C., Kelly, M., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051639 · Cited by 1,946
Dominguez, R., & Holmes, K. C. (2011) · Annual Review of Biophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-biophys-042910-155359 · Cited by 1,211
Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey
Bauer, M. P., Notermans, D. W., van Benthem, B. H., Brazier, J. S., Wilcox, M. H., Rupnik, M., Monnet, D. L., van Dissel, J. T., & Kuijper, E. J. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61266-4 · Cited by 1,020
Self-citationEmergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe
Kuijper, E. J., Coignard, B., & Tüll, P. (2006) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01580.x · Cited by 855
Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells
Ikenouchi, J., Furuse, M., Furuse, K., Sasaki, H., Tsukita, S., & Tsukita, S. (2005) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200510043 · Cited by 787
Crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen
Petosa, C., Collier, R. J., Klimpel, K. R., Leppla, S. H., & Liddington, R. C. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/385833a0 · Cited by 755
Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies against Clostridium difficile Toxins
Lowy, I., Molrine, D. C., Leav, B. A., Blair, B. M., Baxter, R., Gerding, D. N., Nichol, G., Thomas, W. D., Leney, M., Sloan, S., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0907635 · Cited by 746
Self-citationGoorhuis, A., Bakker, D., Corver, J., Debast, S. B., Harmanus, C., Notermans, D. W., Bergwerff, A. A., Dekker, F. W., & Kuijper, E. J. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/592257 · Cited by 637
Cited by
Clostridium difficile infection
Smits, W. K., Lyras, D., Lacy, D. B., Wilcox, M. H., & Kuijper, E. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.20 · Cited by 853
The role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection
Chandrasekaran, R., & Lacy, D. B. (2017) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fux048 · Cited by 353
Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmission
Martin, J. S. H., Monaghan, T. M., & Wilcox, M. H. (2016) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.25 · Cited by 319
Clostridium difficile and the microbiota
Seekatz, A. M., & Young, V. B. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci72336 · Cited by 255
Clostridioides difficile toxins: mechanisms of action and antitoxin therapeutics
Kordus, S. L., Thomas, A. K., & Lacy, D. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00660-2 · Cited by 204
Metadata
- Authors
- Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Rupnik, M., & Aktories, K.
- Venue
- Gut Microbes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-10-31
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-27
- ISSN
- 1949-0976 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-0984
- OpenAlex
- W2074767784
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 88
- FWCI
- 18.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4161/gmic.26854
- The paper
- Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Rupnik, M., & Aktories, K. (2014). Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance. Gut Microbes. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.26854
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
