The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 110 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmission
Open accessAbstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to affect patients in hospitals and communities worldwide. The spectrum of clinical disease ranges from mild diarrhoea to toxic megacolon, colonic perforation and death. However, this bacterium might also be carried asymptomatically in the gut, potentially leading to 'silent' onward transmission. Modern technologies, such as whole-genome sequencing and multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, are helping to track C. difficile transmission across health-care facilities, countries and continents, offering the potential to illuminate previously under-recognized sources of infection. These typing strategies have also demonstrated heterogeneity in terms of CDI incidence and strain types reflecting different stages of epidemic spread. However, comparison of CDI epidemiology, particularly between countries, is challenging due to wide-ranging approaches to sampling and testing. Diagnostic strategies for C. difficile are complicated both by the wide range of bacterial targets and tests available and the need to differentiate between toxin-producing and non-toxigenic strains. Multistep diagnostic algorithms have been recommended to improve sensitivity and specificity. In this Review, we describe the latest advances in the understanding of C. difficile epidemiology, transmission and diagnosis, and discuss the effect of these developments on the clinical management of CDI.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cohen, S. H., Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Kelly, C. P., Loo, V. G., McDonald, L. C., Pepin, J., & Wilcox, M. H. (2010) · Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/651706 · Cited by 2,942
Self-citationBurden of Clostridium difficile Infection in the United States
Lessa, F. C., Mu, Y., Bamberg, W. M., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G. K., Dunn, J. R., Farley, M. M., Holzbauer, S. M., Meek, J. I., Phipps, E. C., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1408913 · Cited by 2,641
Loo, V. G., Poirier, L., Miller, M. A., Oughton, M., Libman, M. D., Michaud, S., Bourgault, A.-M., Nguyen, T., Frenette, C., Kelly, M., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051639 · Cited by 1,946
Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections
Surawicz, C. M., Brandt, L. J., Binion, D. G., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Curry, S. R., Gilligan, P. H., McFarland, L. V., Mellow, M., & Zuckerbraun, B. S. (2013) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.4 · Cited by 1,645
Nosocomial Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Infection
McFarland, L. V., Mulligan, M. E., Kwok, R. Y. Y., & Stamm, W. E. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198901263200402 · Cited by 1,326
Asymptomatic Carriage of Clostridium difficile and Serum Levels of IgG Antibody against Toxin A
Kyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., & Kelly, C. P. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200002103420604 · Cited by 935
Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome
Xu, H., Yang, J., Gao, W., Li, L., Li, P., Zhang, L., Gong, Y.-N., Peng, X., Xi, J. J., Chen, S., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13449 · Cited by 850
The Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infections
Freeman, J., Bauer, M. P., Baines, S. D., Corver, J., Fawley, W. N., Goorhuis, B., Kuijper, E. J., & Wilcox, M. H. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00082-09 · Cited by 826
Self-citationKyne, L., Warny, M., Qamar, A., & Kelly, C. P. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03592-3 · Cited by 804
Transforming clinical microbiology with bacterial genome sequencing
Didelot, X., Bowden, R., Wilson, D. J., Peto, T. E. A., & Crook, D. W. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3226 · Cited by 799
Cited by
Fachi, J. L., Felipe, J. D. S., Pral, L. P., da Silva, B. K., Corrêa, R. O., de Andrade, M. C. P., da Fonseca, D. M., Basso, P. J., Câmara, N. O. S., de Sales e Souza, É. L., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.054 · Cited by 364
Nutrition and the gut microbiome in the elderly
Salazar, N., Valdés-Varela, L., González, S., Gueimonde, M., & de los Reyes-Gavilán, C. G. (2017) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1256525 · Cited by 282
The esophageal microbiota in health and disease
Di Pilato, V., Freschi, G., Ringressi, M. N., Pallecchi, L., Rossolini, G. M., & Bechi, P. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13127 · Cited by 139
Yang, H.-T., Chen, J.-W., Rathod, J., Jiang, Y.-Z., Tsai, P.-J., Hung, Y.-P., Ko, W.-C., Paredes-Sabja, D., & Huang, I.-H. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02635 · Cited by 117
Kong, L. Y., Eyre, D. W., Corbeil, J., Raymond, F., Walker, A. S., Wilcox, M. H., Crook, D. W., Michaud, S., Toye, B., Frost, E., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy457 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, J. S. H., Monaghan, T. M., & Wilcox, M. H.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
- Published
- 2016-03-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 206-216
- ISSN
- 1759-5045 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5053
- OpenAlex
- W2293319370
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 110
- FWCI
- 7.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmission. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.25
- The paper
- Martin, J. S. H., Monaghan, T. M., & Wilcox, M. H. (2016). Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmission. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.25
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
