Cited by 796Antibiotic Resistance in BacteriaAntimicrobial Resistance in StaphylococcusBacterial Genetics and Biotechnology

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Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus

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Hollenbeck, Brian L., Rice, Louis B.·2012·Virulence

DOI 10.4161/viru.21282PMC PMC3485979

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Abstract

Enterococci have the potential for resistance to virtually all clinically useful antibiotics. Their emergence as important nosocomial pathogens has coincided with increased expression of antimicrobial resistance by members of the genus. The mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in enterococci may be intrinsic to the species or acquired through mutation of intrinsic genes or horizontal exchange of genetic material encoding resistance determinants. This paper reviews the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis and discusses treatment options.

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Figure 1. An illustration of the VanA resistance mechanism as it relates to normal cell wall synthesis. The top pathway denotes normal cell wall synthesis, and the mechanisms by which VanX and VanY disrupt this pathway. The shaded pathway denotes construction of a modified cell wall that is resistant to vancomycin. Adapted from Gold et al.58CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Authors: Hollenbeck, B. L., & Rice, L. B.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Corresponding author: Rice, Louis B.
ORCID: Hollenbeck, Brian L.
Rice, Louis B.
Venue: Virulence
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2012-08-15
Volume: 3
Issue: 5
Pages: 421-569
ISSN: 2150-5594 (ISSN-L)
2150-5608
DOI: 10.4161/viru.21282
PMC: PMC3485979
OpenAlex: W2084266616
Semantic Scholar: b2c50fe60fe2e1bec43d7eace3a0b0d59c75b2e7
Cited by: 795
References: 147
Citations by year: 2026: 66 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 1.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Virulence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Keywords: Enterococcus, antibiotic resistance, intrinsic resistance, acquired resistance, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, nosocomial pathogens, horizontal gene transfer, resistance determinants, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, treatment options
MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cross Infection, Humans, Enterococcus faecalis, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections, Enterococcus faecium, Drug Resistance, Bacterial

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