Assessment of tobacco heating system 2.4 on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and primary human osteoblasts compared to conventional cigarettes
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: the bloodstream, reach the skeletal system. New technologies designed to develop a reduced-risk alternative for smokers are based on electronic nicotine delivery systems, such as e-cigarettes and tobacco heating systems (THS). THS are designed to heat tobacco instead of burning it, thereby reducing the levels of harmful toxic compounds released. AIM: To examine the effects of THS on osteoprogenitor cell viability and function compared to conventional CS. METHODS: with aqueous extracts generated from either the THS 2.4 "IQOS" or conventional "Marlboro" cigarettes for up to 21 d. Cell viability was analyzed using resazurin conversion assay (mitochondrial activity) and calcein-AM staining (esterase activity). Osteogenic differentiation and bone cell function were evaluated using alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, while matrix formation was analyzed through alizarin red staining. Primary cilia structure was examined by acetylated α-tubulin immunofluorescent staining. Free radical production was evaluated with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay. RESULTS: < 0.001). No significant differences in cytotoxicity between the diverse flavors of THS were observed. Harmful effects from THS on bone cell function were observed only at very high, non-physiological concentrations. In contrast, extracts from conventional cigarettes significantly reduced the AP activity (by two-fold) and matrix mineralization (four-fold) at low concentrations. Additionally, morphologic analysis of primary cilia revealed no significant changes in the length of the organelle involved in osteogenesis of osteoprogenitor cells, nor in the number of ciliated cells following THS treatment. Assessment of free radical production demonstrated that THS induced significantly less oxidative stress than conventional CS in osteoprogenitor cells. CONCLUSION: THS was significantly less harmful to osteoprogenitor cells during osteogenesis than conventional CS. Additional studies are required to confirm whether THS is a better alternative for smokers to improve delays in bone healing following fracture.
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Nicotine replacement alternatives such as chewing gums, transdermal patches and nasal sprays have limited efficiency.
“However, these alternatives have limited efficiency [18,19], as the number of smokers worldwide continues to increase.”
From An Overlooked Bone Metabolic Disorder: Cigarette Smoking-Induced Osteoporosis (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Aspera-Werz, R. H., Ehnert, S., Müller, M., Zhu, S., Chen, T., Weng, W., Jacoby, J., & Nussler, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Journal of Stem Cells
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2020-08-26
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 841-856
- ISSN
- 1948-0210 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7477651
- OpenAlex
- W3080462645
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Stem Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Keywords
- tobacco heating systems, IQOS, electronic cigarettes, osteogenic differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells, primary osteoblasts, cigarette smoke, reduced-risk tobacco products, osteoprogenitor cells, primary cilia, oxidative stress, alkaline phosphatase activity, bone matrix mineralization, cytotoxicity, bone regeneration
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