The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anti-de Sitter space, thermal phase transition, and confinement in gauge theories
Open accessAbstract
The correspondence between supergravity (and string theory) on AdS space and boundary conformal field theory relates the thermodynamics of J\f = 4 super Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions to the thermodynamics of Schwarzschild black holes in Anti-de Sitter space.In this description, quantum phenomena such as the spontaneous breaking of the center of the gauge group, magnetic confinement, and the mass gap are coded in classical geometry.The correspondence makes it manifest that the entropy of a very large AdS Schwarzschild black hole must scale "holographically" with the volume of its horizon.By similar methods, one can also make a speculative proposal for the description of large N gauge theories in four dimensions without supersymmetry.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Since tt > 0 in our Green's functions, they are actually retarded correlators, and the large-time decay can be understood in terms of complex frequencies, a thermal analog of the so-called “quasinormal modes” [9].”
From Very long time scales and black hole thermal equilibrium (2003) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Particle creation by black holes
Hawking, S. W. (1975) · Communications In Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf02345020 · Cited by 13,106
Anti de Sitter space and holography
Witten, E. (1998) · Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics · doi:10.4310/atmp.1998.v2.n2.a2 · Cited by 13,070
Self-citationThe Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and SupergravityPreprint
Maldacena, J. (1998) · Cited by 12,249
Gauge theory correlators from non-critical string theory
Gubser, S. S., Klebanov, I. R., & Polyakov, A. M. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00377-3 · Cited by 9,307
Bekenstein, J. D. (1973) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.7.2333 · Cited by 7,555
Gauge Theory Correlators from Non-Critical String Theory
Gubser, S. S., Klebanov, I. R., & Polyakov, A. M. (1998) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,627
Itzykson, C., & Zuber, J.-B. (1980) · Cited by 5,652
A planar diagram theory for strong interactions
Hooft, G. '. (1974) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(74)90154-0 · Cited by 4,476
Susskind, L. (1995) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.531249 · Cited by 4,085
Action integrals and partition functions in quantum gravity
Gibbons, G. W., & Hawking, S. W. (1977) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.15.2752 · Cited by 3,449
Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
Strominger, A., & Vafa, C. (1996) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0 · Cited by 3,072
Thermodynamics of black holes in anti-de Sitter space
Hawking, S. W., & Page, D. N. (1983) · Communications in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf01208266 · Cited by 3,045
Brown, J. D., & Henneaux, M. (1986) · Communications in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/bf01211590 · Cited by 2,605
Wilson Loops in Large N Field Theories
MALDACENA, J. M. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.4859 · Cited by 2,178
QCD and instantons at finite temperature
Gross, D. J., Pisarski, R. D., & Yaffe, L. G. (1981) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.53.43 · Cited by 2,171
Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
Strominger, A., & Vafa, C. (1996) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 2,109
Operator content of two-dimensional conformally invariant theories
Cardy, J. L. (1986) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(86)90552-3 · Cited by 1,955
String theory dynamics in various dimensionsPreprint
Witten, E. (1995) · Cited by 1,754
Self-citationStability in gauged extended supergravity
Breitenlohner, P., & Freedman, D. Z. (1982) · Annals of Physics · doi:10.1016/0003-4916(82)90116-6 · Cited by 1,707
The large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity
MALDACENA, J. M. (1999) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.59653 · Cited by 1,624
Macroscopic strings as heavy quarks: Large-N gauge theory and anti-de Sitter supergravity
Rey, S.-J., & Yee, J.-T. (2001) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1007/s100520100799 · Cited by 1,577
Role of Conformal Three-Geometry in the Dynamics of Gravitation
York, J. W. (1972) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.28.1082 · Cited by 1,392
Positive energy in anti-de Sitter backgrounds and gauged extended supergravity
Breitenlohner, P., & Freedman, D. Z. (1982) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90643-8 · Cited by 1,228
Horowitz, G. T., & Strominger, A. (1991) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90440-9 · Cited by 1,178
Duff, M. J., Nilsson, B. E. W., & Pope, C. N. (1986) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1016/0370-1573(86)90163-8 · Cited by 1,032
Supergravity and the large N limit of theories with sixteen supercharges
Nissan Itzhaki, A., MALDACENA, J. M., Jacob Sonnenschein, B., & Shimon Yankielowicz, B. (1998) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.58.046004 · Cited by 948
Thermal properties of gauge fields and quark liberation
Polyakov, A. M. (1978) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90737-2 · Cited by 933
4D Conformal Field Theories and Strings on Orbifolds
Shamit Kachru, A., & Silverstein, E. M. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.4855 · Cited by 861
Some Comments On String DynamicsPreprint
Witten, E. (1995) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9507121 · Cited by 858
Self-citationPossible third-order phase transition in the large- N lattice gauge theory
Gross, D. J., & Witten, E. (1980) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.21.446 · Cited by 832
Self-citationBlack holes and critical points in moduli space
Ferrara, S., Gibbons, G. W., & Каллош, Р. (1997) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(97)00324-6 · Cited by 598
Dimensional reduction in quantum gravity
Appelquist, T. (1984) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.34590 · Cited by 558
Strominger, A. (1996) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00712-5 · Cited by 557
Entropy and temperature of black 3-branes
Gubser, S. S., Klebanov, I. R., & Peet, A. W. (1996) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.54.3915 · Cited by 550
On conformal field theories in four dimensions
Lawrence, A., Nekrasov, N. A., & Vafa, C. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00495-7 · Cited by 490
Quantum field theory in anti-de Sitter space-time
Avis, S. J., Isham, C. J., & Storey, D. (1978) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.18.3565 · Cited by 476
EXTREMAL BLACK HOLES AND ELEMENTARY STRING STATES
Sen, A. (1995) · Modern Physics Letters A · doi:10.1142/s0217732395002234 · Cited by 456
Lattice models of quark confinement at high temperature
Susskind, L. (1979) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.20.2610 · Cited by 421
Anti De Sitter Space And Holography
Witten, E. (1998) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9802150 · Cited by 374
Self-citationVacuum interpolation in supergravity via superp-branes
Gibbons, G. W., & Townsend, P. K. (1993) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.71.3754 · Cited by 372
String theory and classical absorption by three-branes
Gubser, S. S., Klebanov, I. R., & Tseytlin, A. A. (1997) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(97)00325-8 · Cited by 335
Absorption by branes and Schwinger terms in the world volume theory
Gubser, S. S., & Klebanov, I. R. (1997) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(97)01099-x · Cited by 284
World Volume Approach to Absorption by Non-dilatonic Branes
Klebanov, I. R. (1997) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 252
Self-duality of Born-Infeld action and Dirichlet 3-brane of type IIB superstring theoryPreprint
Tseytlin, A. A. (1996) · Cited by 235
String Theory and Quark Confinement
Polyakov, A. (1997) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 211
On N = 8 supergravity in AdS5 and N = 4 superconformal Yang-Mills theory
Ferrara, S., Frønsdal, C., & Zaffaroni, A. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00444-1 · Cited by 188
Strong/weak coupling duality from the dual string
Duff, M. J. B. (1995) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(95)00070-4 · Cited by 170
String Expansion as Large N Expansion of Gauge Theories
Bershadsky, M., Kakushadze, Z., & Vafa, C. (1998) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 163
Duff, M. J., Lü, H., & Pope, C. N. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00464-7 · Cited by 157
Macroscopic superstrings as interpolating solitons
Duff, M. J. B., Gibbons, G. W., & Townsend, P. K. (1994) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)91260-2 · Cited by 151
M 5-brane and superconformal (0,2) tensor multiplet in six dimensions
Claus, P., Каллош, Р., & Proeyen, A. V. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00137-0 · Cited by 150
Schwarzschild Black Holes from Matrix Theory
Banks, T., Fischler, W., Klebanov, I. R., & Susskind, L. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.226 · Cited by 140
Green, M., & Gutperle, M. (1996) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00331-0 · Cited by 139
Massless particles, conformal group, and de Sitter universe
Angelopoulos, E., Flato, M., Frønsdal, C., & Sternheimer, D. (1981) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.23.1278 · Cited by 133
Quantum field theory of singletons. The Rac
Flato, M., & Frønsdal, C. (1981) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.524993 · Cited by 118
Semiclassical decay of near extremal fivebranes
Maldacena, J., & Strominger, A. (1997) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1997/12/008 · Cited by 109
Supersymmetric supermembrane vacua and singletons
Bergshoeff, E., Duff, M. J., Pope, C. N., & Sezgin, E. (1987) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(87)91465-1 · Cited by 106
Enhancement of supersymmetry near a 5D black hole horizon
Chamseddine, A. H., Ferrara, S., Gibbons, G. W., & Каллош, Р. (1997) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.55.3647 · Cited by 106
Scalar absorption and the breaking of the world-volume conformal invariance
Gubser, S. S., Akikazu Hashimoto, A., Klebanov, I. R., & Krasnitz, M. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00301-0 · Cited by 105
Semiclassical decay of near extremal fivebranes
Maldacena, J. M., & Strominger, A. (1997) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 102
Schwarzschild black holes in Matrix theory II
Banks, T., Fischler, W., Klebanov, I. R., & Susskind, L. (1998) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1998/01/008 · Cited by 101
Singletons, doubletons and M-theory
Günaydin, M., & Minić, D. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00225-9 · Cited by 97
Conformal Maxwell theory as a singleton field theory on AdS , IIB 3-branes and duality
Ferrara, S., & Frønsdal, C. (1998) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/15/8/004 · Cited by 95
Possible resolution of black hole singularities from large N gauge theory
Horowitz, G. T., & Ross, S. F. (1998) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1998/04/015 · Cited by 91
Spectrum of Large N Gauge Theory from Supergravity
Horowitz, G. T., & Ooguri, H. (1998) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.4116 · Cited by 84
Membranes and fivebranes with lower supersymmetry and their AdS supergravity duals
Ferrara, S., Kehagias, A., Partouche, H., & Zaffaroni, A. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00558-9 · Cited by 84
Gauge fields as composite boundary excitations
Ferrara, S., & Frønsdal, C. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00664-9 · Cited by 80
M-branes and AdSp+2 geometries
Castellani, L., Ceresole, A., D’Auria, R., Ferrara, S., Fré, P., & Trigiante, M. (1998) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/s0550-3213(98)00304-6 · Cited by 77
Particles on AdS4/7 and primary operators on M2/5 brane worldvolumes
Minwalla, S. (1998) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1998/10/002 · Cited by 77
Reformulating String Theory with the $1/N$ ExpansionPreprint
Thorn, C. B. (1994) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9405069 · Cited by 76
Infinite Nc QCD at finite temperature: Is there an ultimate temperature?
Thorn, C. B. (1981) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)91179-5 · Cited by 72
The large N limit of the (2,0) superconformal field theory
Leigh, R. G., & Rozali, M. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00495-x · Cited by 71
U-duality between Three and Higher Dimensional Black HolesPreprint
Hyun, S. (1997) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9704005 · Cited by 69
Near Horizon Geometry and Black Holes in Four DimensionsPreprint
Balasubramanian, V., & Larsen, F. K. (1998) · Cited by 60
On Large N Conformal Theories, Field Theories in Anti-De Sitter Space and SingletonsPreprint
Aref’eva, I. Y., & Volovich, I. V. (1998) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9803028 · Cited by 52
Special conformal symmetry of worldvolume actions
Каллош, Р., Kumar, J., & Rajaraman, A. (1998) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.57.6452 · Cited by 51
A supergravity dual of a (1,0) field theory in six dimensions
Micha Berkooz, A. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00913-7 · Cited by 48
Schwarzschild Black Holes in Various Dimensions from Matrix Theory
Klebanov, I. R., & Susskind, L. (1997) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 45
Quark-monopole potentials in large $N$ super Yang–Mills
Minahan, J. A. (1998) · Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics · doi:10.4310/atmp.1998.v2.n3.a5 · Cited by 39
Flato, M., & Frønsdal, C. (1998) · Letters in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1023/a:1007401419572 · Cited by 33
The background geometry of DLCQ supergravity
Hyun, S. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)01167-8 · Cited by 32
Anti de Sitter geometry and strongly coupled gauge theories
Gomis, J. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00820-x · Cited by 31
Branes and anti-de Sitter spacetimes
Boonstra, H. J., Peeters, B., & Skenderis, K. (1999) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3978(199901)47:1/3 · Cited by 27
Interacting singletonsPreprint
Flato, M., & Frønsdal, C. (1998) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9803013 · Cited by 27
Two-form field scattering off three-brane black holes
Rajaraman, A. (1998) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00896-x · Cited by 15
M Theory on AdS_p x S^{11-p} and Superconformal Field Theories
Aharony, O., Oz, Y., & Yin, Z. (1998) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9803051 · Cited by 1
Quark-Monopole Potentials in Large N Super Yang-MillsPreprint
Minahan, J. A. (1998) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9803111 · Cited by 1
Hyun, S., Kiem, Y., & Shin, H. (1997) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/9712021 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- P. Claus, R. Kallosh, J. Kumar, P. Townsend, and A. van Proeyen, "Conformal Field Theory Of M2, D3, M5, and Dl- Branes + D5-Branes", hep-th/9801206. · arXiv
- S. S. Gubser, L R. Klebanov, and A. M. Polyakov, "Gauge Tieory Correlators From Noncritical String Theory 77 , hep-th/9802109. · arXiv
- M. Bershadsky, Z. Kakushadze, and C. Vafa, "String Expansion As Large N Expansion Of Gauge Theories 77 , hep-th/9803076. · arXiv
- S. Minwalla, "Particles on AdS^p And Primary Operators On M2/5 Brane Wbridvoiumes", hep-th/9803053. · arXiv
- A. Rajaraman, "Two-Form Fields And The Gauge Theory Descrip- tion Of Black Holes", hep-th/9803082. · arXiv
- A. Strominger, "Black Hole Entropy From Near-Norizon Mi- crostates", hep-th/9712251. · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Large N field theories, string theory and gravity
Ofer Aharony, A., Gubser, S. S., MALDACENA, J. M., Ooguri, H., & Oz, Y. (2000) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(99)00083-6 · Cited by 6,327
Ryu, S., & Takayanagi, T. (2006) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.96.181602 · Cited by 4,302
𝒩 = 6 superconformal Chern-Simons-matter theories, M2-branes and their gravity duals
Ofer Aharony, A., Bergman, O., Jafferis, D. L., & MALDACENA, J. M. (2008) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2008/10/091 · Cited by 2,463
Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes
Berti, E., Cardoso, V., & Starinets, A. O. (2009) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/26/16/163001 · Cited by 2,095
Aspects of holographic entanglement entropy
Ryu, S., & Takayanagi, T. (2006) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2006/08/045 · Cited by 1,969
Metadata
- Authors
- Witten, E.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Witten, Edward
- ORCID
- Witten, Edward
- Venue
- Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics
- Publisher
- International Press of Boston
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 505-532
- ISSN
- 1095-0753 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-0761
- OpenAlex
- W2129925474
- Cited by
- 3,915
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 150 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 193 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 154 · 2012: 155
- FWCI
- 70.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
- Keywords
- AdS/CFT correspondence, anti-de Sitter space, Schwarzschild black hole, temperature-induced phase transition, center symmetry breaking, magnetic confinement, mass gap, holographic entropy, large N gauge theory, supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, supergravity, string theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
