Adaptive Thermal Comfort: Principles and Practice
Abstract
The fundamental function of buildings is to provide safe and healthy shelter. For the fortunate they also provide comfort and delight. In the twentieth century comfort became a 'product' produced by machines and run on cheap energy. In a world where fossil fuels are becoming ever scarcer and more expensive, and the climate more extreme, the challenge of designing comfortable buildings today requires a new approach. This timely book is the first in a trilogy from leaders in the field which will provide just that. It explains, in a clear and comprehensible manner, how we stay comfortable by using our bodies, minds, buildings and their systems to adapt to indoor and outdoor conditions which change with the weather and the climate. The book is in two sections. The first introduces the principles on which the theory of adaptive thermal comfort is based. The second explains how to use field studies to measure thermal comfort in practice and to analyze the data gathered. Architects have gradually passed responsibility for building performance to service engineers who are largely trained to see comfort as the ‘product’, designed using simplistic comfort models. The result has contributed to a shift to buildings that use ever more energy. A growing international consensus now calls for low-energy buildings. This means designers must first produce robust, passive structures that provide occupants with many opportunities to make changes to suit their environmental needs. Ventilation using free, natural energy should be preferred and mechanical conditioning only used when the climate demands it. This book outlines the theory of adaptive thermal comfort that is essential to understand and inform such building designs. This book should be required reading for all students, teachers and practitioners of architecture, building engineering and management – for all who have a role in producing, and occupying, twenty-first century adaptive, low-carbon, comfortable buildings.
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People accept much broader thermal conditions than anticipated by standards, and their perception of thermal conditions is much more dynamic.
“At the same time, research has shown that people accept much broader thermal conditions than anticipated by above standards [1,3,14,47], andtheir perception of thermal conditions is much more dynamic [48–51].”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
The seven physical variables explain part of the variance in thermal perception, but a high variance remains even when all six variables are considered.
“While these seven variables are able to explain part of the variance seen e.g. in Figure 1 by Nicol et al. [1], which is based on operative temperature only, there remains a high variance even when all six variables are considered.”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
People's thermal perception is diverse; at a given operative temperature, comfort votes range from much too cool to much too warm.
“The data presented uncovers the diversity of thermal perception: on the one hand, people are feeling comfortable (4 on y-axis) between 20°C and 28°C. On the other hand, in the range between 22°C and 28°C votes between ‘much too warm’ (7 on y-axis) and ‘much too cool’ (1 on y-axis) can be found for any given temperature.”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Regression of comfort votes against operative temperature explains only 16% of the observed variance in the data.
“Not surprisingly, the regression of comfort votes against operative temperature explains only 16% of the observed variance in the data.”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Nicol, F., Humphreys, M., & Roaf, S.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2012-03-15
- OpenAlex
- W2617826277
- Cited by
- 636
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 42.38
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building energy efficiency and sustainability
- Keywords
- adaptive thermal comfort, occupant behavior, passive building design, low-energy buildings, low-carbon buildings, natural ventilation, mechanical conditioning, building energy efficiency, climate change adaptation, occupant comfort
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