A Handbook for Action Research in Health and Social Care
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We followed the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) conceptual framework to implement ACT because this methodology focuses on generating solutions to practical problems and has the ability to empower practitioners by engaging them in the research process and implementation activities.
“We followed the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) conceptual framework 13 to implement ACT as this methodology focuses on generating solutions to practical problems and has the ability to empower practitioners by engaging them in the research process and implementation activities. 14-16”
From Introducing acceptance and commitment therapy to a physiotherapy-led pain rehabilitation programme: An action research study (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
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Practising Critical Reflection: A Resource Handbook
Fook, J., & Gardner, F. (2007) · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Clemensen, J., Larsen, S. B., Kyng, M., & Kirkevold, M. (2007) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732306293664 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“These experiences are in line with the observations of Winter and Munn-Giddings (2001), who underscored that process learning and new insights gained through critical reflection on everyday practice are equally significant results to the more concrete changes or products emanating from action…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe study of nursing documentation complexities
Cheevakasemsook, A., Chapman, Y. B., Francis, K. L., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2006.00596.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Action research: politics, ethics and participation
Williamson, G. R., & Prosser, S. (2002) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02416.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Lempp, H., Abayneh, S., Gurung, D., Kola, L., Abdulmalik, J., Evans-Lacko, S., Semrau, M., Alem, A., Thornicroft, G., & Hanlon, C. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796017000634 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“…caregivers had been generated through research ‘on them’, recent trends have shifted towards collaborative or user-led research where service users and caregivers actively generate research questions and conduct (action) research, especially in highincome countries (Munn-Giddings & Winter, 2013).”
BackgroundAction research literature: Themes and trends
Dick, B. (2004) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750304047985 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Bigby, C., Clement, T., Mansell, J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01154.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
User involvement, research and health inequalities: developing new directions
Beresford, P. (2007) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00688.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Critical Realism as emancipatory action: the case for realistic evaluation in practice development
Wilson, V., & McCormack, B. (2006) · Nursing Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1466-769x.2006.00248.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Person‐centred leadership: A relational approach to leadership derived through action research
Cardiff, S., McCormack, B. G., & McCance, T. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14492 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Engaging with super-diversity: New migrant businesses and the research–policy nexus
Ram, M., Jones, T., Edwards, P., et al. (2012) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0266242611429979 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“In effect, they afforded the methodology of engaged scholarship the distance required to ‘uncover significant underlying structures in the situation … which will “resonate” strongly with a wide variety of other situations’ (Winter and Munn-Giddings, 2001: 21).”
BackgroundAction research in health promotion
Whitehead, D., Taket, A. R., & Smith, P. A. (2003) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/001789690306200102 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Vincent, J., Potts, M., Fletcher, D., Hodges, S., Howells, J., Mitchell, A., Mallon, B., & Ledger, T. (2017) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2016.1153978 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Learning – The Heart of Practice Development
Clarke, C. L., & Wilson, V. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9781444319491.ch6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Crow, J., & Smith, L. J. (2003) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/1356182021000044139 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In the tradition of collaborative enquiry, a variety of data sources and methods were used (Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
MethodBradley, B. S. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489921 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ojo, S. (2012) · Journal of African Business · doi:10.1080/15228916.2012.693446 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Stott, C., West, O., & Radburn, M. (2016) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2015.1126267 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Waterman, H. A., Marshall, M., Noble, J., Davies, H. A., Walshe, K., Sheaff, R., & Elwyn, G. J. (2007) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732306298976 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
O’Brien, N., & Moules, T. (2007) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650790701514382 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Phrónêsis, Aristotle, and Action Research
Eikeland, O. (2006) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Child Obesity Epidemic in Saudi Arabia: A Review of the Literature
Hammad, S. S., & Berry, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659616668398 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Taylor, J., Coates, E. J., Wessels, B. A., Mountain, G. A., & Hawley, M. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1195-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“practice and the quality of their understanding’ ([24]: p8).”
BackgroundCotterell, P. (2008) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650790701833063 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Getting your hands dirty: critical action research in a state agency
Ram, M., Edwards, P., Jones, T., et al. (2014) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017014523465 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The eco-social approach in social work and the challenges to the expertise of social work
Närhi, K. (2004) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Golden, D. M., Audet, C., & Smith, M. A. (2014) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2014.966048 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Health Research Ethics: Between Ethics Codes and Culture
Gheondea‐Eladi, A. (2017) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1556264617717162 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“It also ignores the fact that research incurs changes for the people it studies through the very research process as has been debated by action researchers (Kemmis, McTaggart, & Nixon, 2014; Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundMunn‐Giddings, C., McVicar, A. J., & Smith, L. J. (2008) · Journal of research in nursing · doi:10.1177/1744987108090297 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAllison, H., & Turpin, M. J. (2004) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2004.00414.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hockley, J., & Froggatt, K. A. (2006) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216306073111 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Helping Relationships for Practice Development: Critical Companionship
Titchen, A. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470698884.ch7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ethical Review of Action Research: The Challenges for Researchers and Research Ethics Committees
Gelling, L., & Munn‐Giddings, C. (2011) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/174701611100700305 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This is further complicated because there is also much debate amongst action researcher about what makes a research project ethical [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationExpert by experience research as grounding for social work education
Videmšek, P. (2017) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2017.1280013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Action Research: Theory and Applications
Jefferson, R. N. (2014) · New Review of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1080/13614533.2014.921536 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“According to Winters and Munn-Giddings (2002), action research represents the study of a social situation carried out by those involved in that situation in order to improve both their practice and the quality of their understanding.”
BackgroundMunn‐Giddings, C., Hart, C., & Ramon, S. (2005) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260500238546 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“However, in many organizational and community development contexts a hybrid model exists where social scientists or consultants act as facilitators in the action research process, a catalyst and co-ordinator of larger-scale projects (Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRantamäki, N. (2016) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-016-9785-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Barker, K. L., Heelas, L., & Toye, F. (2016) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463715587117 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Research Methods with Disabled Populations
Eckhardt, E. A., & Anastas, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1300/j198v06n01_13 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Caring about caring: an appreciative inquiry about compassionate relationship centred care
Dewar, B. J. (2026) · Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) · doi:10.17869/enu.196625 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Is the Digital Divide an Obstacle to e-Health? An Analysis of the Situation in Europe and in Italy
Romano, M. F., Sardella, M. V., Alboni, F., Russo, L., Mariotti, R., Nicastro, I., Barletta, V., & Bello, V. D. (2014) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2014.0010 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bridging the Poverty Gap in Dental Education: How Can People Living in Poverty Help Us?
Lévesque, M., Dupéré, S., Loignon, C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2009.73.9.tb04791.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Action Research: Enhancing Classroom Practice and Fulfilling Educational Responsibilities.
Young, M. R., Rapp, E. M., & Murphy, J. W. (2010) · Journal of instructional pedagogies · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pupils as action researchers: Improving something important in our lives
Bognar, B., & Zovko, M. (2008) · Educational Journal of Living Theories · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Exploring how social media can enhance the teaching of action research
Carroll, F., Jenkins, A., Woodward, C., et al. (2011) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750311424945 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Yet most of these (not all) centre around the relationship between ‘action’, the doing and ‘research’ including informed, critical thinking (Winter and Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundO’Brien, N., & Dadswell, A. (2020) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2020.1788126 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dementia: The need for attitudinal change
O‘Sullivan, G., Hocking, C. S., & Spence, D. G. (2013) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301213478241 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Although flexible, action research is a rigorous and demanding approach to generating knowledge (McNiff & Whitehead, 2006; Reason & Bradbury, 2006; Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundJones, M., & Stanley, G. (2008) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650790701833089 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rahimi, K., Velardo, C., Triantafyllidis, A. K., Conrad, N., Shah, S. A., Chantler, T., Mohseni, H., Stoppani, E., Moore, F., Paton, C., et al. (2015) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcv013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Where's the action? The concept of action in action learning
Ashton, S. (2006) · Action Learning Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/14767330600574565 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…a number of writers on action learning (Revans, 1982; Inglis, 1994; Weinstein, 1995; Pedler, 1997a; Mumford, 1997; McGill & Beaty, 2001; Boshyk, 2002) and on action/qualitative research (Banister et al., 1994; Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001; Waterman et al., 2001; Reason & Bradbury, 2001; May, 2002).”
Meyer, J. E. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470750841.ch11 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Refocusing health visiting - sharpening the vision and facilitating the process
Carr, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00529.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Matthies, A., Kattilakoski, M., & Rantamäki, N. (2011) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2011.613575 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gregory, H., Orden, O. V., Jordan, L. C., Portnoy, G. A., Welsh, E. A., Betkowski, J. A., Charles, J. W., & DiClemente, C. C. (2012) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9508-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“These ‘‘factchecking’’ meetings use the methods of participatory action research to support a collaborative environment in which the recommendations for implementation of EBPs are a better fit with the agency culture (Winter and Munn-Giddins 2001).”
MethodDeveloping Inquiry-Based Science Activities in Early Childhood Education: An Action Research
Eti, İ., & Sığırtmaç, A. D. (2021) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · doi:10.46328/ijres.1973 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Action research is defined as studies conducted to improve both the applications and the meaning of a social situation (Munn-Giddings & Winter, 2013).”
McVicar, A. J., Munn‐Giddings, C., & Abu-Helil, C. (2012) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750312439902 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Its attraction is that it bridges the ‘gap’ between theory and practice (Rolfe, 1996), is problem-focused (Hart & Bond, 1995), is grounded in the reality of practice (Walters & East, 2001; Waterman, Webb, & Williamson, 1995), and is empowering (Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRamon, S., Griffiths, C. A., Nieminen, I., Pedersen, M. L., & Dawson, I. (2010) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764009354943 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
How to … use qualitative research to change practice
Kajamaa, A. M., de la Croix, A., & Mattick, K. L. (2019) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.13085 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Striving for independence: experiences and needs of service users with life limiting conditions
Cotterell, P. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04638.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“A ‘reflective interpretive framework’ (Hart 2000) initially developed for qualitative research and later developed for action research (Winter & Munn-Giddings 2001:249), was adapted to aid a critical engagement with data.”
MethodChantler, T., Paton, C., Velardo, C., Triantafyllidis, A. K., Shah, S. A., Stoppani, E., Conrad, N., Fitzpatrick, R. M., Tarassenko, L., & Rahimi, K. (2016) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207616671461 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“To achieve this we applied a usability framework 17 and adopted an iterative and participatory approach informed by action research 18 and agile software development.”
MethodAdvancing ophthalmic nursing practice through action research
Waterman, H. A., Harker, R., MacDonald, H. R., et al. (2005) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03594.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Breastfeeding peer support: Health service programmes in Scotland
Britten, J., Hoddinott, P., & McInnes, R. J. (2006) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2006.14.1.20255 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Re‐generating the ‘self’ in learning: developing a culture of supportive learning in practice
Wilson, V., McCormack, B. G., & Ives, G. (2006) · Learning in Health and Social Care · doi:10.1111/j.1473-6861.2006.00123.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Glanz, J., & Heimann, R. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781119128304.ch15 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lane, P., & Tribe, R. H. (2010) · UEL Research Repository (University of East London) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Esienumoh, E., Allotey, J. C., & Waterman, H. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14244 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Community mobilization in this context involved selection of volunteers from the community into the PARG and they worked as co-researchers who eventually would become change agents in their community (Koch and Kralik 2006;Winter and Munn-Giddings 2001).”
Zwozdiak-Myers, P. N. (2009) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Developing a Preceptorship Programme for Newly Qualified Occupational Therapists: Action Research
Morley, M. (2007) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/030802260707000802 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Action research has been criticised for a lack of validity, reliability and objectivity by positivist researchers (Winter and Munn-Giddings 2001).”
BackgroundMethodRam, M., McCarthy, I., Green, A. E., et al. (2021) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12416 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Building resilience in a children's home: results from an action research project
Houston, S. (2010) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00684.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Eide, T., & Cardiff, S. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119099635.ch8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wilson, V., Ho, A., & Walsh, R. (2007) · Journal of Children s and Young People s Nursing · doi:10.12968/jcyn.2007.1.2.23753 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nyman, V., Berg, M., Downe, S. M., & Bondas, T. E. (2015) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750315600225 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reflection as a catalyst for change
(2005) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623940500149583 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stainsby, K., & Bannigan, K. (2011) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2011.643769 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How to Develop a Research Culture in a Human Services Organization
Gardner, F., & Nunan, C. (2007) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325007080405 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Read, S., Nte, S., Corcoran, P., et al. (2013) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2012.00686.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Davies, J., Lester, C., O'Neill, M., et al. (2008) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896907086157 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Evaluation of an action research project in ophthalmic nursing practice
Waterman, H. A., Harker, R., MacDonald, H. R., et al. (2005) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03606.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sabetsarvestani, R., Moattari, M., Nasrabadi, A. N., et al. (2016) · Action Research · doi:10.1177/1476750316636667 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Since action research has an emergent nature and the role of researchers and participants will change during the cycles, this form was progressively refined and procedural consent was obtained (Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundHollinrake, S., Spencer, S., & Dix, G. (2019) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2018.1564736 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Action research (Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001, p. 8) is defined as ‘the study of a social situation carried out by those involved in that situation in order to improve both their practice and the quality of their understanding’, and sits closely with participatory/emancipatory research (Seale,…”
MethodTowards facilitating change in service delivery: An illustrative example
Boshoff, K. (2005) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2005.00484.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Making the connections with direct experience: from the Western Front to user‐controlled research
Beresford, P. (2006) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650790600717987 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Email: peter.beresford@brunel.ac.uk Such user-controlled research is identified as within the tradition of action research, although it also represents a distinct approach to research of its own (Beresford & Turner, 2001; Winter & Munn-Giddings, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodStroke units: the implementation of a complex intervention
Kilbride, C., Meyer, J. E., Flatley, M., & Perry, L. (2005) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/14759390500200301 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hunter, A., Playle, J. F., SANCHEZ, P., CAHILL, J., & McGowan, L. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01296.x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Clinical research: the potential of practice development
FitzGerald, M., & Armitage, D. (2005) · Practice Development in Health Care · doi:10.1002/pdh.10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Melander‐Wikman, A. (2008) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emotional participation of young adults starting their independent living
Törrönen, M., Munn‐Giddings, C., Gavriel, C., et al. (2018) · Nordic Social Work Research · doi:10.1080/2156857x.2018.1489883 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSung, H. (2017) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/0961000617709055 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Informed by Winter and Munn-Giddings (2001), qualitative methods were employed to gather data with a focus on the adult-child interaction and communication through”
MethodPromoting midwifery-led care within an obstetric-led unit
Walton, C., Yiannousiz, K., & Gatsby, H. (2005) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2005.13.12.20118 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Enhancing a Health-Related Quality-of-Life Model for Laotian Migrant Workers in Thailand
Nilvarangkul, K., McCann, T. V., Rungreangkulkij, S., & Wongprom, J. (2010) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732310376635 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Regan, P. (2010) · Systemic Practice and Action Research · doi:10.1007/s11213-010-9168-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Improving health through participation: time banks as a site for co-production
Gregory, L. (2012) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gartner, J., & Côté, A. (2023) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329231211096 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Acosta, S. T., & Goltz, H. H. (2014) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839914527591 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lévesque, M., Dupéré, S., Morin, N. M., Côté, J., Roberge, N., Laurin, I., Charbonneau, A., Loignon, C., & Bedos, C. P. (2014) · Educational Action Research · doi:10.1080/09650792.2014.980286 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Workforce Matters: Exploring a New Flexible Role in Health Care
Bridges, J. (2004) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Religion and higher education migrants’ acculturation orientation
Elhami, A., & Roshan, A. (2024) · Intercultural Education · doi:10.1080/14675986.2024.2348428 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Noticing change: Developing strength-focused tools in a mental health service
Gardner, F., Lehmann, J., Brown, G., et al. (2005) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.0312-407x.2005.00180.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“As part of our process of ‘continuous learning’ (Winter & Munn-Giddings 2001; Australian Social Work/March 2005, Vol. 58, No. 1 21 p. 21), it was agreed that we would then test the tools for effectiveness.”
Making life good in the community: The story so far
Clement, T., Bigby, C., & Johnson, K. (2007) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Munn-Giddings, C., & Winter, R.
- Corresponding author
- Munn-Giddings, Carol
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2013-04-15
- OpenAlex
- W560055748
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 11.39
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Appreciative Inquiry and Organizational Change
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Keywords
- action research, health care, social care, practice-based research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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