Neurodiversity Theory and Its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model of Disability

Does language matter? Identity-first versus person-first language use in autism research: a response to vivanti

Botha, M., Hanlon, J., & Williams, G. L. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04858-w · Cited by 439

Neurodiversity and the social ecology of mental functions

Chapman, R. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620959833 · Cited by 267

Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life

Chapman, R., & Carel, H. (2022) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12456 · Cited by 231

Neurodivergence-informed therapy

Chapman, R., & Botha, M. (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15384 · Cited by 212

Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm

(2020) · doi:10.4324/9780429322297 · Cited by 211

Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework

Schuck, R. K., Tagavi, D. M., Baiden, K. M. P., Dwyer, P., Williams, Z. J., Osuna, A., Ferguson, E. F., Jimenez Muñoz, M., Poyser, S. K., Johnson, J. F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x · Cited by 208

Epistemic injustice in psychiatric research and practice

Kidd, I. J., Spencer, L. J., & Carel, H. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2156333 · Cited by 133

The reality of autism: On the metaphysics of disorder and diversity

Chapman, R. (2020) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2020.1751103 · Cited by 137

Neurodivergence, intersectionality, and eating disorders: a lived experience-led narrative review

Cobbaert, L., Millichamp, A., Elwyn, R., Silverstein, S., Schweizer, K., Thomas, E., & Miskovic‐Wheatley, J. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01126-5 · Cited by 88

Applied Behavior Analysis and the Abolitionist Neurodiversity Critique: An Ethical Analysis

Graber, A. D., & Graber, J. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00780-6 · Cited by 69

Cripping vulnerability: A disability bioethics approach to the case of early autism interventions

Vanaken, G. (2022) · Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies · doi:10.5117/tvgn2022.1.002.vana · Cited by 10

Institutional Opacity, Epistemic Vulnerability, and Institutional Testimonial Justice

Carel, H., & Kidd, I. J. (2021) · International Journal of Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1080/09672559.2021.1997393 · Cited by 51

Representing the Autism Spectrum

Chapman, R., & Veit, W. (2020) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2020.1730495 · Cited by 36

Tourism and neurodiversity: a problematisation and research agenda

Jepson, A. S., Stadler, R., & Garrod, B. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2233040 · Cited by 27

A Qualitative Study of Adults’ and Support Persons’ Experiences of Support After Autism Diagnosis

Huang, Y., Arnold, S. R. C., Foley, K., & Trollor, J. N. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05828-0 · Cited by 33

The Neurodiversity Attitudes Questionnaire: Development and Initial Validation

Schuck, R. K., Choi, S., Baiden, K. M. P., Dwyer, P. S. R., & Uljarević, M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241245756 · Cited by 24

Mental Health Conditions Between Neurodiversity and the Medical Model

Knopes, J. (2024) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2024.2412549 · Cited by 27

Cross‐neurotype communication from an autistic point of view: Insights on autistic Theory of Mind from a focus group study

Marocchini, E., & Baldin, I. (2024) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.13095 · Cited by 27

The spectrum of attitudes towards the spectrum of autism and its relationship to psychological distress in mothers of children with autism

Ferenc, K., Byrka, K., & Król, M. E. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221081185 · Cited by 26

Listening to Neurodiverse Voices in the Workplace

Burton, L., Carss, V., & Twumasi, R. (2022) · Ought The Journal of Autistic Culture · doi:10.9707/2833-1508.1087 · Cited by 18

Weighing In

Livingstone, B., Gibson, M. F., Douglas, P., Leo, S., & Gruson‐Wood, J. (2023) · International Journal of Disability and Social Justice · doi:10.13169/intljofdissocjus.3.3.0072 · Cited by 24

Cultures and cures: neurodiversity and brain organoids

Barnhart, A. J., & Dierickx, K. (2021) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-021-00627-1 · Cited by 21

Policing a neurodiverse world: Lessons from the social model of disability

Thacher, D. (2024) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paae012 · Cited by 19

Varieties of normativity and mental health: an enactive approach

García, E., & Barandiaran, X. E. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04854-y · Cited by 22

Tourette Syndrome

Graber, A. D., & Rizzo, M. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209572 · Cited by 16

Public mental health without the health? Challenges and contributions from the Mad Pride and neurodiversity paradigms

Hoffman, G. A. (2019) · Developments in neuroethics and bioethics · doi:10.1016/bs.dnb.2019.07.003 · Cited by 15

‘Isn’t Everyone a Little OCD?’

Spencer, L. J., & Carel, H. (2021) · Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.5195/pom.2021.19 · Cited by 14

Neurodiversity and disability: what is at stake?

Jones, E. K., & Orchard, V. (2024) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2023-012808 · Cited by 22

Mapping the lacunae between neurodivergent individuals and work organizations

Nair, V. S., Kumar, S., & Bhargava, S. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105133 · Cited by 13

Neurodiversity Movement Identification and Perceived Appropriateness of Terms Used to Describe Autism

Dwyer, P. S. R., Hersh, L. H., Kapp, S. K., Rivera, S. M., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2024.0297 · Cited by 16

Painted with different brushes—An exploratory study of psychological well-being and attitudes towards autism perceived by adolescents with autism spectrum conditions and their mothers

Ferenc, K., Byrka, K., & Król, M. E. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101826 · Cited by 13

Countering essentialism in psychiatric narratives

Broeker, M. D., & Arnaud, S. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2407502 · Cited by 11

Autistic voice: Sharing autistic children’s experiences and insightsPreprint

Mullally, S. L., Wood, A. E., Edwards, C. C., Connolly, S. E., Constable, H., Watson, S., Rodgers, J., Rose, K., & King, N. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.22.24310796 · Cited by 11

Exploration of caregiver experiences of reported first signs of autism

Smith, H., Black, M. H., Thompson, C., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., Girdler, S. J., & Milbourn, B. T. (2023) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13096 · Cited by 10

Institutional Epistemic Isolation in Psychiatric Healthcare

Spencer, L. J. (2024) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2024.2403620 · Cited by 7

Neurodiversity, psychological inertia and mental health

Chellappa, S. L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105203 · Cited by 7

Practitioner perspectives on nature-based learning for autistic children

Friedman, S., Morrison, S. A., & Shibata, A. (2024) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2024.2401785 · Cited by 7

Neurodiversity, Autism, and Psychiatric Disability: The Harmful Dysfunction Perspective

Wakefield, J. C., Wasserman, D., & Conrad, J. A. (2020) · The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190622879.013.29 · Cited by 6

Trusted Urban Places

Habets, D., Rietveld, E., Kiverstein, J. D., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2024) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/10597123241229735 · Cited by 6

The spectrum effect: Convergence of clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in adults referred for autism assessment

Larcher, F. M., & Grözinger, M. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102502 · Cited by 5

Neurodiversity with Nuance

May, J. (2025) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-025-09603-7 · Cited by 7

Don’t go reading my emotions: affective harm, affective injustice and affective artificial intelligence

Goffin, K., & Archer, A. (2025) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2025.2571445 · Cited by 6

Risk and resilience in developmental diversity: Protocol of developing ICF core sets

Black, M. H., Goidsenhoven, L. V., Hens, K., Bourgeron, T., & Bölte, S. (2023) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330231190235 · Cited by 7

Problems for enactive psychiatry? Mindshaping, social normativity, and neurodiversity

Maiese, M. L. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2446631 · Cited by 6

A qualitative exploration into diagnostic barriers of gender-diverse autistic individuals

Tien, I. S., Seibold, J., Pearson, A., & Seers, K. (2025) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/09593535251345159 · Cited by 5

The use of ICT in the education of students with alexia/acquired dyslexia

Vouglanis, T., & Driga, A. M. (2024) · International Journal of Science and Research Archive · doi:10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0004 · Cited by 5

Observing Neurodiversity, Observing Methodology: Ethnography in Pandemic Times

Gibson, M. F., Livingstone, B., Monroe, H. E., Leo, S., Gruson‐Wood, J., & Crockford, P. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069241266200 · Cited by 6

“I Know It’s Very Spectrum-y”: Autistic Women Reflect on Sensory Aspects of Food and Eating

Stephenson, H., Jones, S. C., Lowe, J., & Milne, L. C. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0114 · Cited by 7

Towards an Ethics of Autism

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261 · Cited by 69

EAIE Scale: The Examination of Autistic Intersubjective Experiences – A Qualitative Tool to the Exploration of Sociality

Bizzari, V., Schnitzler, T., & Fuchs, T. A. E. (2025) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000545919 · Cited by 3

A cross-cultural examination of bi-directional mentalising in autistic and non-autistic adults

Schuster, B. A., Okamoto, Y., Takahashi, T., Kurihara, Y., Keating, C. T., Cook, J. L., Kosaka, H., Ide, M., Naruse, H., Kraaijkamp, C., et al. (2025) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-025-00659-z · Cited by 3

NeurodiverCITY: Leveraging the potential for neurodiverse deliberation in urban life

Tokarek͐, A., Ufel, W., & Grabkowska, M. (2025) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980251390723 · Cited by 3

A Comparative Study on Mental Disorder Conceptualization: A Cross-Disciplinary Analysis

Jerotić, S., Ignjatović, N., Marić, N. P., Nešić, J., Jovandić, Ž., Latas, M. B., Nestorović, M., Jevtovic, M., & Aftab, A. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01240-3 · Cited by 3

Confirmatory factor analysis of an identity questionnaire Among autistic adolescents and young adults

Lamash, L., & Meyer, S. (2025) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415251325337 · Cited by 4

The gold standard: Epistemologically, ecologically informed research

Breitkreuz, R. S. (2022) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100345 · Cited by 4

Theological Education with Neurodiversity in Mind: Research Insights and Future Possibilities

Cartledge, M. P., & Raffety, E. (2023) · Journal of Disability & Religion · doi:10.1080/23312521.2023.2217187 · Cited by 2

Normative implications of postgenomic deterministic narratives: the case study of epigenetic harm

Moormann, E. (2024) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-024-00636-4 · Cited by 3

Art, music, and play as a teaching aid: applying creative uses of Universal Design for Learning in a prison science class

Heron, P. J., Crameri, F., Canaletti, E. F., Harrison, D., Hashemi, S., Leigh, P., Narayan, S., Osowski, K., Rantanen, R., & Williams, J. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1524007 · Cited by 5

Delusions and epistemic style: a neurodiversity approach to reasoning in schizophrenia

Flores, C. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-04979-8 · Cited by 2

Why the Neurodiversity Movement Struggles to Translate in Russia and Japan: Towards Internationally Inclusive Advocacy

Ovcharenko, A., & Shinomiya, S. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251409239 · Cited by 3

How Do We Navigate the Conceptual Tension Between Paradigms of ADHD?

Nicholson, T., & Lee, R. P. (2026) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330261433280 · Cited by 4

Somatic personhood and the dilemma of authenticity in ADHD subjectivity

Vrhel, A. (2023) · Subjectivity · doi:10.1057/s41286-023-00165-8 · Cited by 2

Neurodiversity, identity, and hypostatic abstraction

Arnaud, S., & Gibson, Q. H. (2025) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-025-02324-w · Cited by 3

Evaluating the role of strengths and protective factors for youth with FASD and criminal legal system involvement: a scoping review

Ritter, C., McLachlan, K., Baig, M. F., McMurtry, M., & Lumley, M. N. (2025) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2025.2470621 · Cited by 2

Into the Deep End

de Prado‐Gordillo, M. N. (2025) · European journal of analytic philosophy · doi:10.31820/ejap.21.2.3 · Cited by 1

Hermeneutical Pluralism in Psychiatry: Lessons from Spectrum 10K

Knox, B. (2025) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92958-8_10 · Cited by 1

“It has tentacles into every single aspect of me” a qualitative evidence synthesis of the lived experiences and perceptions of ADHD youth

Tierney, J., Morrissey, A., Adamis, D., Wrigley, M., & Robinson, K. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02955-8 · Cited by 2

Growing-up autistic: Sharing autistic children’s experiences and insights

Mullally, S. L., Wood, A. E., Edwards, C. C., Connolly, S. E., Constable, H., Watson, S., Rodgers, J., Rose, K., & King, N. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261427795 · Cited by 16

Historical and Philosophical Considerations in Studying Psychopathology

Zachar, P., Banicki, K., & Aftab, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0002 · Cited by 2

Representational risks associated with interview-based animated documentaries

Widdowson, A. (2022) · Animation Practice Process & Production · doi:10.1386/ap3_00032_1 · Cited by 1

Where Are We, and Where to Next? ‘Neurodiversity’ in Engineering Education Research

Sorg, T. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--44028 · Cited by 1

Woman in the brain, or the fraught relationship between feminism and mental health

Greco, C. (2024) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2024-013033 · Cited by 1

Beyond biological and social normativity: varieties of norm deviation and the justification for intervention

Evans, A. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-04945-4 · Cited by 1

Précis of Neuroethics

May, J. (2025) · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences · doi:10.33735/phimisci.2025.12125 · Cited by 1

Thriving Over Surviving

Brickwood, E. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4445-4.ch007 · Cited by 1

Identifying problems and solutions to qualitative research privileging “rich” data within psychosis research

Gupta, V., Syrett, S., Gumley, A. I., Hardy, A., Ward, T., & Allan, S. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.25581.1 · Cited by 1

Neurodiversity and Literature

Philippian, M. (2025) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.1526 · Cited by 1

3. Cognitive Explanations of Autism: Beyond Theory of Mind

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.03

5. Difference and Disability

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.05

8. Interlude

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.08

9. Labels and Looping Effects

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.09

Prologue

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.13

7. Experiences of Autism

Hens, K., & Langenberg, R. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.07

10. Dynamic Approaches

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.10

11. Autism and Genetics

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.11

Epilogue

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.12

6. Epistemic Injustice and Language

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.06

1. The Origins of Autism

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.01

4. Sociological and Historical Explanations of Autism

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.04

2. The Nature of Psychiatric Diagnoses

Hens, K. (2021) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0261.02

Is Autism a Mental Disorder According to the Harmful Dysfunction View?

Bošnjak, M. (2023) · Croatian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.52685/cjp.23.67.5

Families of Autistic Adults

Bourgondien, M. E. V., Dawkins, T., Feldman, M. S., & Marcus, L. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46463-8_2

Valuable Harmful Dysfunctions

Ballesteros, V., & Gavaldà, A. L. B. (2024) · Crítica (México D F En línea) · doi:10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2024.1516

Rethinking the Neurodiversity Debate from the Harmful Dysfunction Perspective

Conrad, J. A., & Wakefield, J. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544754.013.67

The Neurodiversity Paradigm in Psychiatry

Aftab, A., & Chapman, R. (2024) · doi:10.1093/med/9780192870322.003.0008

Psychological Theories of Autism

Austin, A., & Vivanti, G. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_7 · Cited by 1

A Madhyamaka Perspective on Mental ‘Disorders’

Correya, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Dharma Studies · doi:10.1007/s42240-024-00197-6

EXPERIÊNCIAS PERCEPTIVAS DIVERSAS NA INFÂNCIA: COMO OS ATIVISMOS EM PRIMEIRA PESSOA ESTÃO RESSIGNIFICANDO A EXPERIÊNCIA VIVIDA

Stéfano, M. H. R., & Dunker, C. I. L. (2025) · Revista Contemporânea · doi:10.56083/rcv5n6-054

The semantics and virtues of nondescriptivist normativism about mental disorder

Castro, V. F., & Pérez-Navarro, E. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05133-0

Structured Coaching Frameworks for Inclusive and Personalized Education

Aberdeen, I. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4445-4.ch012

Neurodiversity Theory and its Discontents: Autism, Schizophrenia, and the Social Model

Chapman, R. (2019) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 6

Community Views of Neurodiversity, Models of Disability, and Autism Intervention: Mixed Methods Reveal Shared Goals and Key Tensions

Dwyer, P., Gurba, A. N., Kapp, S. K., Kilgallon, E., Hersh, L. H., Chang, D. S., Rivera, S. M., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2023) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.26930.79046 · Cited by 2

Community Views on Neurodiversity, Models of Disability, and Autism Supports: Attributing Disability to Society ≠ Rejecting Individual-Focused Intervention

Dwyer, P., Gurba, A. N., Kapp, S. K., Kilgallon, E., Hersh, L. H., Hill, S. S., Mair, A. P. A., Chang, D. S., Rivera, S. M., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2023) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.30282.95683

Autism and Neurodiversity

Kapp, S. K., Hayes, J., & Russell, G. (2019) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.18487.57763

Neurodiversität und Autismus

Lindmeier, C., Grummt, M., Richter, M., & GmbH, W. K. (2023) · Cited by 1