A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2
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The Technical Note series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but which are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication. Reports in this series are issued by the NCAR Scientific Di-visions; copies may be obtained on request from the Publications Office of NCAR. Designation symbols for the series include: EDD: Engineering, Design, or Development Reports Equipment descriptions, test results, instrumentation, and operating and maintenance manuals. IA: Instructional Aids Instruction manuals, bibliographies, film supplements, and other research or instructional aids. PPR: Program Progress Reports Field program reports, interim and working reports, survey reports, and plans for experiments. PROC: Proceedings Documentation of symposia, colloquia, conferences, workshops, and lectures. (Distribution may be limited to attendees.) STR: Scientific and Technical Reports Data compilations, theoretical and numerical investigations, and experimental results. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is operated by the University Corpora-tion for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes
Hong, S.-Y., Noh, Y., & Dudhia, J. (2006) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/mwr3199.1 · Cited by 6,661 · see citing works
“This case was simulated with the WRF model ( Skamarock et al. 2005 ) on a large (380 380 34 levels) 4-km grid.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationMorrison, H., Thompson, G., & Tatarskii, V. (2009) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/2008mwr2556.1 · Cited by 2,183 · see citing works
“Horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion are calculated using a 1.5-order turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) scheme ( Skamarock et al. 2007 ).”
MethodInfluentialA time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications
Skamarock, W., & Klemp, J. (2008) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037 · Cited by 2,169 · see citing works
“Pxðp;/Þ 1⁄4 ða=adÞ1⁄2 oxðp/gÞ þ ogðp/xÞ j; Pyðp;/Þ 1⁄4 ða=adÞ1⁄2 oyðp/gÞ þ ogðp/yÞ ; Pgðp; lÞ 1⁄4 gm (1)1⁄2ða=adÞpg l : The right-hand-side (RHS) terms FU, FV, FW, FH and F Qm represent forcing terms arising from model physics, turbulent mixing, spherical projections, the earth’s rotation, and moist physics and are de…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAccurate medium-range global weather forecasting with 3D neural networks
Bi, K., Xie, L., Zhang, H., Chen, X., Gu, X., & Tian, Q. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06185-3 · Cited by 1,670 · see citing works
Current methods and advances in forecasting of wind power generation
Foley, A., Leahy, P., Marvuglia, A., & McKeogh, E. (2012) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.033 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
“Further examples include the freely downloadable MM5 regional model developed at the Pennsylvania State University and used by the National Center of Atmospheric Research in the United States of America (USA) and themore recent Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) regional model [14,15].”
Prein, A., Langhans, W., Fosser, G., Ferrone, A., Ban, N., Goergen, K., Keller, M., Tolle, M., Gutjahr, O., Feser, F., et al. (2015) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2014rg000475 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
“5) m COSMO- ERA-Interim 80 km → 12 km → 03.07.2007–13.07.2007 M. Keller et al. (submitted manuscript, 2015) CLMc 2.2 km m COSMO- IFS 25 km → 01.07.2006–31.07.2006 Langhans et al. [2012b, 2013] CLMc 2.2 km/1.1 km m COSMO-CLMc IFS 25 km → 01.07.2006–31.07.2006 Langhans et al. [2012a] 4.4 km/2.2 km/1.1 km/0.55 km n NHM2e…”
BackgroundInfluentialGrell, G., & Freitas, S. (2013) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Development of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System
Warner, J., Armstrong, B., He, R., & Zambon, J. (2010) · Ocean Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.010 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
“The atmospheric model component in the coupled system is the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (ARW; Skamarock et al., 2005).”
MethodThe future intensification of hourly precipitation extremes
Prein, A., Rasmussen, R., Ikeda, K., Liu, C., Clark, M., & Holland, G. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate3168 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Wood, E. F., Roundy, J., Troy, T., van Beek, L. V., Bierkens, M., Blyth, E., Roo, A. D. D., Döll, P., Ek, M., Famiglietti, J., et al. (2011) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2010wr010090 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
“This approach would follow the development path for the Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) model [Michalakes et al., 2001; Skamarock et al., 2005].”
Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia
Li, Z., Lau, W. K. ‐., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G., Ding, Y., Manoj, M. G., Liu, J., Qian, Y., Li, J., Zhou, T., et al. (2016) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1002/2015rg000500 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
“The model used was the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model [Skamarock et al., 2005] coupled with an explicit bin microphysics parameterization based on work by Khain et al.”
MethodInfluentialAir–sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies
Small, J., de Szoeke, S. P., Xie, S., O’Neill, L. W., Seo, H., Song, Q., Cornillon, P., Spall, M. A., & Minobe, S. (2008) · Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans · doi:10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
“…State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its successor Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF, Skamarock et al., 2005), the Naval Research Laboratory Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Prediction system mesoscale atmospheric model (COAMPS, Hodur, 1997),…”
BackgroundMexico City Aerosol Analysis during MILAGRO using High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry
Aiken, A., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M., Huffman, J., DeCarlo, P., Ulbrich, I., Docherty, K., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J., Worsnop, D., et al. (2009) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-10-5315-2010 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
“, 2005) using meteorological fields simulated with the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) mesoscale meteorology model (Skamarock et al., 2005) as described in de Foy et al.”
MethodLong-term impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation
Li, Z., Niu, F., Fan, J., Liu, Y., Rosenfeld, D., & Ding, Y. (2011) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo1313 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Anderson, M. C., Kustas, W., Norman, J., Hain, C., Mecikalski, J., Schultz, L., González-Dugo, M., Cammalleri, C., D'Urso, G., Pimstein, A., et al. (2010) · doi:10.5194/hessd-7-5957-2010 · Cited by 574
“); c University of Maryland global landcover classification (Hansen et al., 2000); d Weather Research and Forecasting model (Skamarock et al., 2005); e GMES global land monitoring database (Lacaze et al., 2010); f GMAO Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (Bosilovich et…”
BackgroundCsavina, J., Field, J. P., Taylor, M. P., Gao, S., Landázuri, A. C., Betterton, E. A., & Sáez, A. E. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.013 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
“WRF is a state-of-the art weather forecasting model that can be run at horizontal resolutions of 1–10 km (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
Anthropogenic emissions of methane in the United States
Miller, S., Wofsy, S., Michalak, A., Kort, E., Andrews, A., Biraud, S., Dlugokencky, E., Eluszkiewicz, J., Fischer, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314392110 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Rasmussen, R., Liu, C., Ikeda, K., Gochis, D., Yates, D., Chen, F., Tewari, M., Barlage, M., Dudhia, J., Yu, W., et al. (2011) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/2010jcli3985.1 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediction of Landfalling Hurricanes with the Advanced Hurricane WRF Model
Davis, C., Wang, W., Chen, S.-Y. S., Chen, Y., Corbosiero, K. L., DeMaria, M., Dudhia, J., Holland, G., Klemp, J., Michalakes, J., et al. (2008) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/2007mwr2085.1 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“The surface exchange coefficient for water vapor follows Carlson and Boland (1978), and the heat flux uses a similarity relationship (Skamarock et al. 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCHIMERE 2013 : a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling
Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Khvorostyanov, D., Beekmann, M., Blond, N., Colette, A., Coll, I., Curci, G., Foret, G., Hodzic, A., et al. (2013) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-6-981-2013 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
“This project has provided sensitivity analyses of modelled concentration fields when using the different land surface schemes of the WRF meteorological driver (Khvorostyanov et al., 2010); this leads to a better understanding of the impact of land surface models (LSM) on modelled surface concentrations and thus quantif…”
MethodInfluentialExperiences with 0–36-h Explicit Convective Forecasts with the WRF-ARW Model
Weisman, M., Davis, C., Wang, W., Manning, K. W., & Klemp, J. (2008) · Weather and Forecasting · doi:10.1175/2007waf2007005.1 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationThe North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program: Overview of Phase I Results
Mearns, L., Arritt, R., Biner, S., Bukovsky, M., McGinnis, S., Sain, S., Caya, D., Correia, J., Flory, D., Gutowski, W., et al. (2012) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-11-00223.1 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
“…Jones et al. 2003), the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3; Giorgi et al. 1993a,b; Pal et al. 2000, 2007), the Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC) Regional Spectral Model (RSM; Juang et al. 1997), and the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005).”
BackgroundKain, J., Weiss, S., Bright, D., Baldwin, M., Levit, J., Carbin, G. W., Schwartz, C., Weisman, M., Droegemeier, K., Weber, D., et al. (2008) · Weather and Forecasting · doi:10.1175/waf2007106.1 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles
Fan, J.-W., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y.-W., Giangrande, S., Li, Z., Machado, L., Martin, S., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Artaxo, P., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan8461 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Miao, S.-G., Chen, F., Lemone, M., Tewari, M., Li, Q.-C., & Wang, Y.-C. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2008jamc1909.1 · Cited by 464
“We integrate the Advanced Research WRF (ARW version 2) described by Skamarock et al. (2005) over the five nested domains shown in Fig.”
MethodA review of operational methods of variational and ensemble‐variational data assimilation
Bannister, R. (2017) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.2982 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
“NCEP WRF (Skamarock et al., 2005), WRF-Chem (Schwartz et al.”
Lo, J., Yang, Z.-L., & Pielke, R. (2008) · doi:10.1029/2007jd009216 · Cited by 431
“[12] The regional meteorological model used in this study is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core version 2.2 [Skamarock et al., 2007].”
MethodInfluentialMathiesen, P., & Kleissl, J. (2011) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2011.02.013 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
“, 1989) shortwave model as used by MM5; or the Goddard (Chou and Suarez, 1994) shortwave model (Skamarock et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodChapman, E. G., Gustafson, W. I., Easter, R. C., Barnard, J. C., Ghan, S. J., Pekour, M., & Fast, J. D. (2009) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-9-945-2009 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“microphysics scheme (second indirect effect) (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComparison of numerical weather prediction solar irradiance forecasts in the US, Canada and Europe
Perez, R., Lorenz, E., Pelland, S., Beauharnois, M., Vanknowe, G. V., Hemker, K., Heinemann, D., Remund, J., Müller, S., Traunmüller, W., et al. (2013) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2013.05.005 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“Several versions of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005, 2008) initialized with Global Forecast System (GFS) forecasts (GFS, 2010) from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).”
MethodInfluence of Environmental Humidity on Tropical Cyclone Size
Hill, K. A., & Lackmann, G. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2009mwr2679.1 · Cited by 345
Zhang, F.-Q., Weng, Y., Sippel, J., Meng, Z., & Bishop, C. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2009mwr2645.1 · Cited by 341
“WRF is a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (Skamarock et al. 2005).”
BackgroundOnline coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects
Baklanov, A. A., Schlünzen, K. H., Suppan, P., Baldasano, J. M., Brunner, D., Aksoyoğlu, Ş., Carmichael, G. R., Douros, J., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., et al. (2014) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-14-317-2014 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Wind power forecasting : state-of-the-art 2009.
Monteiro, C., Bessa, R., Miranda, V., Botterud, A., Wang, J.-H., Conzelmann, G., & Porto, I. (2009) · doi:10.2172/968212 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“In recent years, the MM5 development process has stopped, and NCAR, together with NCEP and many of the more relevant American-based atmospheric groups, launched a new limited-area model, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), also freely available for download.”
BackgroundInfluentialFour-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation for WRF : Formulation and Preliminary Results
Huang, X.-Y., Xiao, Q., Barker, D., Zhang, X., Michalakes, J., Huang, W., Henderson, T., Bray, J., Chen, Y., Ma, Z.-Z., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2008mwr2577.1 · Cited by 338
“Each component is now described. a. WRF The ARW model (Skamarock et al. 2005) is referred to as WRF_NL.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationExamining Two-Way Grid Nesting for Large Eddy Simulation of the PBL Using the WRF Model
Moeng, C., Dudhia, J., Klemp, J., & Sullivan, P. (2007) · doi:10.1175/mwr3406.1 · Cited by 334
“7.3 of Skamarock et al. (2005) where the inner domain can be nested at an arbitrary location.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationImpact of lockdown measures to combat Covid-19 on air quality over western Europe
Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Siour, G., Mailler, S., Pennel, R., & Cholakian, A. (2020) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140426 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“The WRF 3.7.1, (Skamarock et al., 2007), and CHIMERE models v2017r4 (Mailler et al., 2017) are used to simulate the hourly concentrations of numerous pollutants over Western Europe.”
InfluentialA review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe
Kukkonen, J., Olsson, T., Schultz, D., Baklanov, A., Klein, T., Miranda, A., Monteiro, A., Hirtl, M., Tarvainen, V., Boy, M., et al. (2012) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-12-1-2012 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Ding, A., Fu, C., Yang, X.-Q., Sun, J.-N., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V., Wang, T., Xie, Y.-N., Herrmann, E., Zheng, L.-F., et al. (2013) · doi:10.5194/acp-13-10545-2013 · Cited by 329
Wang, X.-G., Barker, D., Snyder, C., & Hamill, T. (2008) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/2008mwr2444.1 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationLeung, L. R., & Qian, Y. (2009) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2008gl036445 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“[6] As part of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) (http://www. narccap.ucar.edu), the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [Skamarock et al., 2005] has been used to simulate the regional climate of North America.”
MethodWRF-Fire: Coupled Weather–Wildland Fire Modeling with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Coen, J., Cameron, M., Michalakes, J., Patton, E., Riggan, P., & Yedinak, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology · doi:10.1175/jamc-d-12-023.1 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“The WRF model (Skamarock et al. 2005) is a community mesoscale NWP model designed to be a flexible, state-of-the-art tool that is portable and computationally efficient on a wide variety of platforms.”
Borge, R., Alexandrov, V., del Vas, J. J., Lumbreras, J., & Rodríguez, E. (2008) · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.032 · Cited by 318
Richardson, M., Toigo, A., & Newman, C. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2006je002825 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“[7] The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a co-development of NCAR, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the US Department of Defense, and various universities [Michalakes et al., 2004; Skamarock et al., 2005].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPangu-Weather: A 3D High-Resolution Model for Fast and Accurate Global Weather ForecastPreprint
Bi, K., Xie, L.-X., Zhang, H.-H., Chen, X., Gu, X.-T., & Tian, Q. (2022) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2211.02556 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
“Conventional NWP methods mostly follow a simulation-based paradigm which formulates the physical rules of atmospheric states into partial differentiable equations (PDEs) and solves them using numerical simulations [2], [3], [4].”
MethodConservative Split-Explicit Time Integration Methods for the Compressible Nonhydrostatic Equations
Klemp, J., Skamarock, W., & Dudhia, J. (2007) · doi:10.1175/mwr3440.1 · Cited by 307
Self-citationNoodles: A Tool for Visualization of Numerical Weather Model Ensemble Uncertainty
Sanyal, J., Zhang, S., Dyer, J. L., Mercer, A., Amburn, P., & Moorhead, R. J., II (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2010.181 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“The simulation grid had dimensions of 269 (west-east) × 240 (south-north) × 30 (vertical).”
BackgroundMiao, S.-G., Chen, F., Li, Q.-C., & Fan, S. (2011) · doi:10.1175/2010jamc2513.1 · Cited by 301
“We integrate the Advanced Research WRF (ARW, version 2.2) described by Skamarock et al. (2005) over five nested domains (Fig.”
InfluentialGiraldo, F., & Restelli, M. (2008) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.12.009 · Cited by 294
“Existing mesoscale models based on this equation set includes WRF [48] and the model by Ahmad and Lindeman [1].”
MethodThe impact of dust storms on the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea
Prakash, P. J., Stenchikov, G. L., Kalenderski, S., Osipov, S., & Bangalath, H. K. (2015) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-15-199-2015 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Added value of convection permitting seasonal simulations
Prein, A., Gobiet, A., Suklitsch, M., Truhetz, H., Awan, N., Keuler, K., & Georgievski, G. (2013) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1744-6 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“A detailed description can be found in Skamarock et al. (2005).”
BackgroundAn Upper Gravity-Wave Absorbing Layer for NWP Applications
Klemp, J., Dudhia, J., & Hassiotis, A. (2008) · doi:10.1175/2008mwr2596.1 · Cited by 279
Self-citationNonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models and Operational Development at JMA
Saito, K., Ishida, J., Aranami, K., Hara, T., Segawa, T., Narita, M., & Honda, Y. (2007) · doi:10.2151/jmsj.85b.271 · Cited by 275
“Purser et al. (2005) has also tested a Yin-Yang approach with WRF-NMM model.”
MethodInfluentialThe relationship between lightning activity and ice fluxes in thunderstorms
Deierling, W., Petersen, W., Latham, J., Ellis, S., & Christian, H. (2008) · doi:10.1029/2007jd009700 · Cited by 271
“[25] To verify the nonprecipitation ice mass flux estimate (product of divergence and nonprecipitation ice colder than � 5C with reflectivities smaller than 20 dBZ and with divergence greater than 0.001 s � 1 ), it was tested with model output from a storm simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), Ve…”
MethodInfluentialInclusion of biomass burning in WRF-Chem: impact of wildfires on weather forecasts
Grell, G., Freitas, S., Stuefer, M., & Fast, J. (2010) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-11-5289-2011 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“D1 was initialized on 26 June 2004 and WRF-Chem was run to produce 24-h simulations. The North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) was used to provide meteorological initial and boundary conditions. Initial conditions on 26 June for the prognostic gas-phase…”
MethodAksoy, A., Dowell, D., & Snyder, C. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2008mwr2691.1 · Cited by 268
“We employ the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (Skamarock et al. 2005) and assimilate radial velocity and reflectivity from a single Doppler radar in each case, along with additional information from the radar observations that is discussed below.”
MethodInfluentialOnline-coupled meteorology and chemistry models: history, current status, and outlook
Zhang, Y. (2008) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-8-2895-2008 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Hurricane hazard modeling: The past, present, and future
Vickery, P., Masters, F., Powell, M., & Wadhera, D. (2009) · Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics · doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2009.05.005 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
High-performance Earth system modeling with NASA/GSFC’s Land Information System
Peters-Lidard, C., Houser, P., Tian, Y., Kumar, S. V., Geiger, J., Olden, S., Lighty, L., Doty, B., Dirmeyer, P., Adams, J., et al. (2007) · Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11334-007-0028-x · Cited by 259
Storm, B., Dudhia, J., Basu, S., Swift, A., & Giammanco, I. (2009) · Wind Energy · doi:10.1002/we.288 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“2 of Advanced Research WRF (referred to as WRF from hereon) was evaluated.(25) The WRF model is computationally effi cient, and its two-way nesting capabilities allow extremely fi ne grid resolutions at the regions of interest.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationSharma, A., Conry, P., Fernando, H., Hamlet, A., Hellmann, J., & Chen, F. (2016) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064004 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Methodology We employed a non-hydrostatic, compressible WRF regional climate model (version 3.4.1; Skamarock et al 2005)which is used to simulate climate at multiple spatial resolutions (mesoscale at ∼50 km to local scales at∼50m) (Heikkilä et al2011, SharmaandHuang2012, Talbot et al 2012, Conry et…”
MethodInfluentialThe BlueSky smoke modeling framework
Larkin, N., O'Neill, S., Solomon, R., Raffuse, S., Strand, T., Sullivan, D., Krull, C., Rorig, M., Peterson, J. L., & Ferguson, S. (2008) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf07086 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“…BlueSky can easily use model output from a variety of models including the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Meteorological Model (MM5) Version 3 or later (Grell et al. 1994), or its successor, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2005).”
MethodSchwartz, C., Kain, J., Weiss, S., Xue, M., Bright, D., Kong, F., Thomas, K., Levit, J., Coniglio, M., & Wandishin, M. S. (2010) · doi:10.1175/2009waf2222267.1 · Cited by 250
Hines, K., & Bromwich, D. (2008) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/2007mwr2112.1 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“The Advanced Research WRF (ARW) is a modular, nonhydrostatic model with conservative properties designed for both research and operational applications (Skamarock et al. 2005) with improved software (Michalakes et al. 1999, 2004).”
MethodRapid formation and evolution of an extreme haze episode in Northern China during winter 2015
Sun, Y.-L., Chen, C., Zhang, Y., Xu, W.-Q., Zhou, L., Cheng, X., Zheng, H., Ji, D., Li, J., Tang, X., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep27151 · Cited by 249
“A more detailed description of WRF-FLEXPART is given in supplementary.”
InfluentialWhat is the trigger for tropical cyclogenesis?
Nolan, D. (2006) · Australian meteorological magazine · doi:10.1071/es06025 · Cited by 249
“WRF is a fully compressible model of the atmosphere designed for mesoscale and convective-scale simulations of real-case and idealised weather phenomena (Skamarock et al. 2005).”
BackgroundLundquist, J. K., Duvivier, K., Kaffine, D., & Tomaszewski, J. (2018) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0281-2 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Paradigms for Tropical Cyclone Intensification
Montgomery, M., & Smith, R. K. (2014) · doi:10.22499/2.6401.005 · Cited by 246
Sensitivity of Simulated Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity to Horizontal Resolution
Gentry, M., & Lackmann, G. (2010) · doi:10.1175/2009mwr2976.1 · Cited by 246
“The maximum criterion for numerical stability in WRF suggested by Skamarock et al. (2005) is a 6:1 ratio.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiu, P. F., Zhao, C., Göbel, T., Hallbauer, E., Nowak, A. K., Ran, L., Xu, W., Deng, Z., Ma, N., Mildenberger, K., et al. (2011) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-11-3479-2011 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region: terrain and land cover effects
Medina, S., Houze, R., Kumar, A., & Niyogi, D. (2010) · doi:10.1002/qj.601 · Cited by 242
“1.1 (Skamarock et al., 2005; http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/).”
BackgroundInfluentialDavis, C., Brown, B., Bullock, R., & Halley-Gotway, J. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2009waf2222241.1 · Cited by 241
“The ARW model (Skamarock et al. 2005) is a nonhydro-static, terrain-following, mass-coordinate model that was integrated with a grid increment of 4 km.”
MethodEvaluation of nonlocal and local planetary boundary layer schemes in the WRF model
Xie, B., Fung, J., Chan, A., & Lau, A. (2012) · doi:10.1029/2011jd017080 · Cited by 239
Ensemble-Based Sensitivity Analysis
Torn, R., & Hakim, G. (2008) · doi:10.1175/2007mwr2132.1 · Cited by 238
“We use the Advanced Research version (ARW) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2005) on a numerical grid with 45-km horizontal grid spacing and 33 vertical levels over a domain that includes the Gulf of Alaska and western North America.”
MethodImpacts of HONO sources on the photochemistry in Mexico City during the MCMA-2006/MILAGO Campaign
Li, G.-H., Lei, W., Zavala, M., Volkamer, R., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P., & Molina, L. (2009) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-10-6551-2010 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“The WRF Model (Skamarock et al., 2005) is a nextgeneration mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) system designed to serve both operational forecasting and Atmos.”
BackgroundMethodClark, A. J., Gallus, W. A., Xue, M., & Kong, F. (2009) · Weather and Forecasting · doi:10.1175/2009waf2222222.1 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
An Overview of the 2010 Hazardous Weather Testbed Experimental Forecast Program Spring Experiment
Clark, A. J., Weiss, S. J., Kain, J. S., Jirak, I. L., Coniglio, M. C., Melick, C. J., Siewert, C., Sobash, R. A., Marsh, P. T., Dean, A. R., et al. (2011) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-11-00040.1 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Wen, X., & Jang, C. (2010) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.056 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“(1997) and simulate the second indirect effect (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodForecasting Lightning Threat Using Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations
Mccaul, E. W., Goodman, S., Lacasse, K., & Cecil, D. J. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2008waf2222152.1 · Cited by 233
“Thus, cloud-resolving models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) model, can now provide time-and space-dependent simulated fields of parameters known to be associated with the lightning flash rate.”
Nolan, D., Zhang, J. A., & Stern, D. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2009mwr2785.1 · Cited by 232
First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms
Platis, A., Siedersleben, S. K., Bange, J., Lampert, A., Bärfuss, K., Hankers, R., Cañadillas, B., Foreman, R., Schulz-Stellenfleth, J., Djath, B., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20389-y · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Next-Day Convection-Allowing WRF Model Guidance: A Second Look at 2-km versus 4-km Grid Spacing
Schwartz, C., Kain, J., Weiss, S., Xue, M., Bright, D., Kong, F., Thomas, K., Levit, J., & Coniglio, M. (2009) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/2009mwr2924.1 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“All ensemble members and the 2-km deterministic model used version 2.2 of the ARW-WRF core (Skamarock et al. 2005) with explicitly represented convection (no CP).”
MethodInfluentialBedka, K., Brunner, J. C., Dworak, R., Feltz, W., Otkin, J., & Greenwald, T. (2010) · doi:10.1175/2009jamc2286.1 · Cited by 229
Kain, J., Weiss, S., Levit, J., Baldwin, M., & Bright, D. (2006) · Weather and Forecasting · doi:10.1175/waf906.1 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“2004) and a collection of physics routines derived from parameterizations that have been in use for many years in NCEP's operational modeling systems; both the WRF-NCAR and WRF-CAPS configurations used the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core (Skamarock et al. 2005) and a set of physical parameterizations derived…”
MethodImran, H. M., Kala, J., Ng, A., & Muthukumaran, S. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.179 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Seasonal dependence of WRF model biases and sensitivity to PBL schemes over Europe
García‐Díez, M., Fernández, J., Fita, L., & Yagüe, C. (2012) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.1976 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Nehrkorn, T., Eluszkiewicz, J., Wofsy, S., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C., Longo, M., & Freitas, S. (2010) · doi:10.1007/s00703-010-0068-x · Cited by 225
“2 of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) (Skamarock et al. 2005), with the following physics”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBoundary Conditions for Limited-Area Ensemble Kalman Filters
Torn, R., Hakim, G., & Snyder, C. (2006) · doi:10.1175/mwr3187.1 · Cited by 224
“The experiments performed with the WRF model (Skamarock et al. 2005) are designed to mimic the simple model experiments as closely as possible.”
MethodEvaluation of WRF Mesoscale Climate Simulations over the Tibetan Plateau during 1979–2011
Gao, Y.-H., Xu, J., & Chen, D. (2015) · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00300.1 · Cited by 220
“a. Model and simulations TheWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF)Model (http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php; Skamarock et al. 2005) is a mesoscale numerical weather prediction system designed to serve both operational forecasting and atmospheric research needs.”
BackgroundWang, X.-G., Barker, D., Snyder, C., & Hamill, T. (2008) · doi:10.1175/2008mwr2445.1 · Cited by 220
Self-citationEvaluation of the CORDEX-Africa multi-RCM hindcast: systematic model errors
Kim, J., Waliser, D., Mattmann, C., Goodale, C., Hart, A. F., Zimdars, P., Crichton, D., Jones, C. G., Nikulin, G., Hewitson, B., et al. (2014) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1751-7 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Santanello, J., Peters-Lidard, C., Kumar, S. V., Alonge, C., & Tao, W. (2009) · doi:10.1175/2009jhm1066.1 · Cited by 214
Comparison of Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes in Idealized Supercell Thunderstorm Simulations
Morrison, H., & Milbrandt, J. (2011) · Monthly Weather Review · doi:10.1175/2010mwr3433.1 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation in eastern China: Results from bin and bulk microphysics
Fan, J.-W., Leung, L., Li, Z., Morrison, H., Chen, H.-B., Zhou, Y.-Q., Qian, Y., & Wang, Y. (2012) · doi:10.1029/2011jd016537 · Cited by 211
“Res., 117, D00K36, doi:10.1029/2011JD016537.”
MethodInfluentialCooling hot cities: a systematic and critical review of the numerical modelling literature
Krayenhoff, E. S., Broadbent, A. M., Zhao, L., Georgescu, M., Middel, A., Voogt, J., Martilli, A., Sailor, D. J., & Erell, E. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abdcf1 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Spiga, A., & Forget, F. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008je003242 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“…the stable and carefully tested, fully parallellized, Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (hereinafter referred as ARW-WRF) [ Skamarock et al. , 2005; Skamarock and Klemp , 2008], developed for terrestrial applications at National Centers for Environmental Prediction…”
BackgroundPV power forecast using a nonparametric PV model
Almeida, M. P., Perpiñán, O., & Narvarte, L. (2015) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2015.03.006 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“The methods proposed in this paper use a regional mesoscale1 NWP model called Weather Research and Forecasting, WRF (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
MethodDowell, D., Wicker, L. J., & Snyder, C. (2011) · doi:10.1175/2010mwr3438.1 · Cited by 203
Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Pirovano, G., Matthias, V., Vautard, R., Moran, M., Appel, K., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Christensen, J., et al. (2012) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.045 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Mauree, D., Naboni, E., Coccolo, S., Perera, A. T. D., Nik, V. M., & Scartezzini, J. (2019) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.005 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Contrary to UWG and CAT, CIM also computes the horizontal wind speed and has recently been extended and integrated into the Weather Research and Forecast model [126] to include advection processes [39].”
Method
- Authors
- Skamarock, W., Klemp, J., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Barker, D., & Wang, W.
- Venue
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Publisher
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Published
- 2005
- OpenAlex
- W2152984210
- Cited by
- 2,504
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 154 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 155 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 123 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 154
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- UCAR/NCAR
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- numerical weather prediction, regional climate modeling, WRF model, model description
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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