Impact of movement tempo on bar velocity and time under tension in resistance exercises with different external loads
Open accessAbstract
The goal of the study was to determine the differences between volitional and maximal movement tempo during resistance exercise. Ten healthy men volunteered for the study (age = 26.4 ± 4.8 years; body mass = 93.8 ± 9.6 kg; barbell squat one-repetition maximum (1RM) = 175 ± 16.7 kg; bench press 1RM = 140.5 ± 26.8 kg). In a randomized order, the participants performed six sets of the barbell squat and the bench press exercise at progressive loads from 40% to 90%1RM (step by 10%) under two testing conditions: with volitional movement tempo or with maximal movement tempo. The three-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant multi-interaction effect for time under tension (p < 0.001), peak bar velocity (p = 0.04) and for mean bar velocity (p < 0.001). There was also a statistically significant main effect of movement tempo for time under tension (p < 0.001), peak bar velocity (p < 0.001) and for mean bar velocity (p < 0.001). The post hoc analysis for main effect of tempo revealed that time under tension was significantly longer for volitional compared to maximal tempo (0.84 vs 0.67 s, respectively), peak bar velocity was significantly higher for maximal compared to volitional tempo (1.24 m/s vs 0.90 m/s, respectively), and mean bar velocity was significant higher for maximal compared to volitional tempo (0.84 m/s vs 0.67 m/s, respectively). The presented results indicate that there were significant differences between volitional and maximal movement tempos in time under tension and bar velocity (peak and mean), as well as significant differences in those variables between the two exercises. Therefore, the velocity of movement and time under tension is related to movement tempo, external load and type of exercise used.
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Trybulski et al. showed that an increase in load caused a decrease in bar velocity during squat and bench press.
“This result is in line with the study by Trybulski et al. which aimed to determine the duration and velocity of the movement that occurs during the volitional movement tempo of squat and bench press showing that the increase in load caused a decrease in the bar velocity (41).”
From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
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Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters
Giustino, V., Vicari, D. S. S., Figlioli, F., Gervasi, M., Fernández Peña, E., Schifaudo, N., Tedesco, M., Drid, P., Paoli, A., Battaglia, G., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1454309 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This result is in line with the study by Trybulski et al. which aimed to determine the duration and velocity of the movement that occurs during the volitional movement tempo of squat and bench press showing that the increase in load caused a decrease in the bar velocity (41).”
- Authors
- Trybulski, R., Gepfert, M., Gawel, D., Bichowska, M., Fostiak, K., Wojdala, G., Trybek, G., Krzysztofik, M., & Wilk, M.
- Affiliations
- Górnośląska Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa im. Wojciecha Korfantego (PL)
- Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach (PL)
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport (PL)
- Pomeranian Medical University (PL)
- Venue
- Biology of Sport
- Publisher
- Termedia Sp. z.o.o.
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 547-554
- ISSN
- 0860-021X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9331330
- OpenAlex
- W3180881556
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Biology of Sport (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- movement tempo, time under tension, bar velocity, resistance training, barbell squat, bench press, external load, exercise type
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