Effect of Loading on Unintentional Lifting Velocity Declines During Single Sets of Repetitions to Failure During Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Actions
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different loads on repetition speed during single sets of repetitions to failure in bench press and parallel squat. Thirty-six physical active men performed 1-repetition maximum in a bench press (1 RM (BP)) and half squat position (1 RM (HS)), and performed maximal power-output continuous repetition sets randomly every 10 days until failure with a submaximal load (60 %, 65 %, 70 %, and 75 % of 1RM, respectively) during bench press and parallel squat. Average velocity of each repetition was recorded by linking a rotary encoder to the end part of the bar. The values of 1 RM (BP) and 1 RM (HS) were 91 +/- 17 and 200 +/- 20 kg, respectively. The number of repetitions performed for a given percentage of 1RM was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in half squat than in bench press performance. Average repetition velocity decreased at a greater rate in bench press than in parallel squat. The significant reductions observed in the average repetition velocity (expressed as a percentage of the average velocity achieved during the initial repetition) were observed at higher percentage of the total number of repetitions performed in parallel squat (48 - 69 %) than in bench press (34 - 40 %) actions. The major finding in this study was that, for a given muscle action (bench press or parallel squat), the pattern of reduction in the relative average velocity achieved during each repetition and the relative number of repetitions performed w…
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Terminating a set at 20% VL reflects moderate fatigue (~50% of maximal repetitions completed).
“For example, terminating a set at 20% reflects moderate fatigue (∼50% of maximal repetitions completed), whereas 40%–50% of the VL approaches volitional failure (Izquierdo et al., 2006; Pareja‐Blanco et al., 2017).”
From Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity-based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight (2026) · cites this paper as Izquierdo et al., 2006
Intra-set velocity loss has emerged as a reliable indicator of neuromuscular fatigue and volume load.
“Recently, intra‐set velocity loss (VL) has emerged as a reliable indicator of neuromuscular fatigue and volume load (Izquierdo et al., 2006; Jukic et al., 2023).”
From Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity-based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight (2026) · cites this paper as Izquierdo et al., 2006
Terminating a set at 40%-50% VL approaches volitional failure.
“For example, terminating a set at 20% reflects moderate fatigue (∼50% of maximal repetitions completed), whereas 40%–50% of the VL approaches volitional failure (Izquierdo et al., 2006; Pareja‐Blanco et al., 2017).”
From Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity-based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight (2026) · cites this paper as Izquierdo et al., 2006
The number of repetitions to perform before reaching momentary failure may be detected by monitoring movement velocity as the decrease in velocity is a strong indicator of the degree of fatigue before reaching momentary failure.
“The number of repetitions to perform before reaching momentary failure may be detected by monitoring the movement velocity as the decrease in velocity is a strong indicator of the degree of fatigue before reaching momentary failure [100–102].”
From Minimalist Training: Is Lower Dosage or Intensity Resistance Training Effective to Improve Physical Fitness? A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [101]
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Men exhibit greater fatigue resistance than women in alternated bench press and leg press exercises
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Decline in Unintentional Lifting Velocity Is Both Load and Exercise Specific
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- Authors
- Izquierdo, M., González-Badillo, J., Häkkinen, K., Ibáñez, J., Kraemer, W., Altadill, A., Eslava, J., & Gorostiaga, E.
- Affiliations
- Gobierno de Navarra (ES)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 718-724
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W1965270313
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- repetitions to failure, bench press, parallel squat, resistance training, one-repetition maximum
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Male, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Upper Extremity, Lower Extremity
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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