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Cited by 181Marine and coastal ecosystemsGeology and Paleoclimatology ResearchPaleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils

Past and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cycling models

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Mackenzie, F. T., Lerman, A., Andersson, A. J.·2004·Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-1-11-2004

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Abstract

Abstract. The global carbon cycle is part of the much more extensive sedimentary cycle that involves large masses of carbon in the Earth's inner and outer spheres. Studies of the carbon cycle generally followed a progression in knowledge of the natural biological, then chemical, and finally geological processes involved, culminating in a more or less integrated picture of the biogeochemical carbon cycle by the 1920s. However, knowledge of the ocean's carbon cycle behavior has only within the last few decades progressed to a stage where meaningful discussion of carbon processes on an annual to millennial time scale can take place. In geologically older and pre-industrial time, the ocean was generally a net source of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere owing to the mineralization of land-derived organic matter in addition to that produced in situ and to the process of CaCO3 precipitation. Due to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations because of fossil fuel combustion and land use changes, the direction of the air-sea CO2 flux has reversed, leading to the ocean as a whole being a net sink of anthropogenic CO2. The present thickness of the surface ocean layer, where part of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions are stored, is estimated as of the order of a few hundred meters. The oceanic coastal zone net air-sea CO2 exchange flux has also probably changed during industrial time. Model projections indicate that in pre-industrial times, the coastal zone may have been net heterotrophic, releasing CO2 to the atmosphere from the imbalance between gross photosynthesis and total respiration. This, coupled with extensive CaCO3 precipitation in coastal zone environments, led to a net flux of CO2 out of the system. During industrial time the coastal zone ocean has tended to reverse its trophic status toward a non-steady state situation of net autotrophy, resulting in net uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and storage of carbon in the coastal ocean, despite the significant calcification that still occurs in this region. Furthermore, evidence from the inorganic carbon cycle indicates that deposition and net storage of CaCO3 in sediments exceed inflow of inorganic carbon from land and produce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the shallow-water coastal zone, increase in atmospheric CO2 during the last 300 years of industrial time may have reduced the rate of calcification, and continuation of this trend is an issue of serious environmental concern in the global carbon balance.

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  • The recycling of sedimentary rocks through erosion, sedimentation and uplift is quantitatively greater than their conversion by metamorphism, with a ratio of bulk rock fluxes for the modern Earth of ∼3.5:1.

    “Importantly, the recycling of sedimentary rocks through erosion, sedimentation and uplift, is quantitatively greater than their conversion by metamorphism, with a ratio of bulk rock fluxes for the modern Earth36 of ∼3.5:1 (Fig. 1a).”

    From Atmospheric oxygen regulation at low Proterozoic levels by incomplete oxidative weathering of sedimentary organic carbon (2017) · cites this paper as [36]

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Research works printed but not linked: 24

  1. Andersson, A. J. and Mackenzie, F. T.: The shallow-water ocean: a source or sink of atmospheric CO 2 ? Front. Ecol. Environ., in press, 2004.
  2. Barnes, D. J. and Cuff, C.: Solution of reef rock buffers seawater against rising atmospheric CO 2 . Proc. 9th Internat. Coral Reef Symp., Abstracts, edited by Hopley, D., Hopley, M., Tamelander, J., and Done, T., State Ministry for the Environment, Indonesia, 248, 2000.
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  8. Garrels, R. M. and Mackenzie, F. T. (eds.): Some aspects of the role of the shallow ocean in global carbon dioxide uptake, U. S. Department of Energy Report CONF-8009140, NTIS, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va., 46, 1981.
  9. Garrels, R. M. and Perry, E. A., Jr.: Cycling of carbon, sulfur, and oxygen through geologic time, in The Sea: Marine Chem- istry, edited by Goldberg, E. D., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 5, 303-306, 1974.
  10. Gattuso, J.-P., Allemand, P. D., and Frankignoulle, M.: Interactions between the carbon and carbonate cycles at organism and com- munity levels on coral reefs: A review of processes and control by carbonate chemistry, Amer. Zoolog., 39, 160-188, 1999.
  11. Gregor, C. B.: The rate of denudation in Post-Algonkian time, Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap. Proc., 71, 22-30, 1968.
  12. Gregor, C. B.: Weathering rates of sedimentary and crystalline rocks, Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap. Proc., Ser. B, Phys. Sci., 83, 173-181, 1980.
  13. Gregor, C. B.: Prologue: cyclic processes in geology, a historical sketch, in Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth, edited by Gregor, C. B., Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T., and Maynard, J. B., Wiley, New York, 5-16, 1988.
  14. Halley, R. B. and Yates, K. K.: Will reef sediments buffer corals from increased global CO 2 , Proc. 9th Internat. Coral Reef Symp., Abstracts, edited by Hopley, D., Hopley, M., Tamelander, J., and Done, T., State Ministry for the Environment, Indonesia, 248, 2000.
  15. Lerman, A., Mackenzie, F. T., and Geiger, R. J.: Environmental chemical stress effects associated with the carbon and phospho- rus biogeochemical cycles, in Ecotoxicology: Problems and Ap- proaches, edited by Levin, S. A., Harwell, M. A., Kelly, J. R., and Kimball, K. D., Springer-Verlag, New York, 315-350, 1989.
  16. Linsey, R. K.: Hydrology. Encycl. Brit., 1964 edit., Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 11, 959-961, 1964.
  17. Meyer, B. S.: Plant Physiology, Encycl. Brit., 1964 edit., Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 18, 16-31, 1964.
  18. Mottl, M. J.: Partitioning of energy and mass fluxes between mid- ocean ridge axes and flanks at high and low temperature, in En- ergy and Mass Transfer in Marine Hydrothermal Systems, edited by Halbach, P. E., Tunnicliffe, V., and Hein, J. R., Dahlem Univ. Press, Berlin, 271-286, 2003.
  19. Rankama, K. and Sahama, Th. G.: Geochemistry, Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., xvi + 912, 1950.
  20. Rea, D. K., Hovan, S. A., and Janecek, T. R.: Late Quaternary flux of eolian dust to the pelagic ocean, in Geomaterial Fluxes on the Surface of the Earth, edited by Hay, W. W., National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 116-123, 1994.
  21. Revelle, R. and Munk, W.: The carbon dioxide cycle and the bio- sphere, in Energy and Climate, edited by N. G. S. committee, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 140-158, 1977.
  22. Veizer, J.: The evolving exogenic cycle, in Chemical Cycles in the Evolution of the Earth, edited by Gregor, C. B., Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie F. T., and Maynard, J. B., Wiley, New York, 175-261, 1988.
  23. Wollast, R.: Evaluation and comparison of the global carbon cy- cle in the coastal zone and in the open ocean, in The Sea: The Global Coastal Ocean, edited by Brink, K. H. and Robinson, A. R., Wiley, New York, 10, 213-252, 1998.
  24. Woodwell, G. M.: Biotic feedbacks from the warming of the Earth, in Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming, edited by Woodwell, G. M. and Mackenzie, F. T., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 3-21, 1995.

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Authors
Mackenzie, F. T., Lerman, A., & Andersson, A. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
ORCID
Andersson, A. J.
Venue
Biogeosciences
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2004-08-20
Volume
1
Issue
1
Pages
11-32
ISSN
  • 1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
  • 1726-4189
DOI
10.5194/bg-1-11-2004
OpenAlex
W2130340844
Cited by
181
References
132
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
FWCI
5.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (0002889, 0223509)
  • Yale University
  • Northwestern University
  • Universitetet i Bergen
  • Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Keywords
ocean carbon cycle, air-sea CO2 flux, anthropogenic CO2, calcium carbonate precipitation, calcification, organic matter mineralization, ocean surface layer, global carbon balance

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