The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle: CO2 and O2
Abstract
The term "carbon cycle" is normally thought to mean those processes that govern the present-day transfer of carbon between life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. This book describes another carbon cycle, one which operates over millions of years and involves the transfer of carbon between rocks and the combination of life, the atmosphere, and the oceans. The weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks and ancient sedimentary organic matter (including recent, large-scale human-induced burning of fossil fuels), the burial of organic matter and carbonate minerals in sediments, and volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide contribute to this cycle. In The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle, Robert Berner shows how carbon cycle models can be used to calculate levels of atmospheric CO2 and O2 over Phanerozoic time, the past 550 million years, and how results compare with independent methods. His analysis has implications for such disparate subjects as the evolution of land plants, the presence of giant ancient insects, the role of tectonics in paleoclimate, and the current debate over global warming and greenhouse gases
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Such models are corroborated through geochemical and isotopic paleoclimate proxies over geologic time.
“Such models are corroborated through geochemical and isotopic paleoclimate proxies over geologic time (Berner, 2004; Mackenzie and Lerman, 2006; Kump et al., 2010; Langmuir and Broecker, 2012).”
From Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment (2018) · cites this paper as Berner, 2004
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“The principal cause of the proposed high O 2 levels was probably the evolution of the large vascular land plants that brought about increased O 2 production and increased O 2 levels due to the enhanced global burial of microbially resistant, lignin-rich organic matter during the Permo–Carboni-ferous (Berner 2004).”
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“The GEOCARB models (Berner, 2004; Berner and Kothavala 2001) take a similar approach, but they also assume continuous equilibrium of CaCO3 compensation and atmosphere ocean gas exchange.”
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Raven, J. A., Beardall, J., & Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erx110 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Krissansen-Totton, J., Buick, R., & Catling, D. C. (2015) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/04.2015.01 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Given that the total modern carbon burial rate is 50 Tmol C/yr (Holland, 2002; Berner, 2004), and that the carbon cycle is in steady state, this implies Fvolc meta.”
BackgroundOxidation of petrogenic organic carbon in the Amazon floodplain as a source of atmospheric CO2
Bouchez, J., Beyssac, O., Galy, V., Gaillardet, J., France‐Lanord, C., Maurice, L., & Moreira‐Turcq, P. (2010) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g30608.1 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Weathering and the global carbon cycle: Geomorphological perspectives
Goudie, A. S., & VILES, H. A. (2012) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Highly fractionated chromium isotopes in Mesoproterozoic-aged shales and atmospheric oxygen
Canfield, D. E., Zhang, S., Frank, A. B., Wang, X., Wang, H., Su, J., Ye, Y., & Frei, R. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05263-9 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
The role of palaeogeography in the Phanerozoic history of atmospheric CO2 and climate
Goddéris, Y., Yannick Donnadieu, A., Hir, G. L., Lefebvre, V., & Nardin, É. (2013) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.11.004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“In GLOBAL#4, silicate weathering linearly increases with the runoff to the power 0.65, to account for dilution effects (Berner, 1994, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPast and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cycling models
Mackenzie, F. T., Lerman, A., & Andersson, A. J. (2004) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-1-11-2004 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Paleoclimate Implications for Human-Made Climate Change
Hansen, J. E., & Sato, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0973-1_2 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Rates of outgassing and burial of CO2 are each typically 10(12)–10(13) mol C/year (Staudigel et al. 1989; Edmond and Huh 2003; Berner 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvolution of alluvial mudrock forced by early land plants
McMahon, W. J., & Davies, N. S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan4660 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Mills, B. J. W., Krause, A. J., Scotese, C. R., Hill, D. J., Shields, G., & Lenton, T. M. (2018) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.12.001 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Despite the complexities of the carbon cycle, and of individual models, the regulation of atmospheric CO2 concentration over the Phanerozoic is generally considered to be a balance between the overall CO2 degassing rate, and the drivers of terrestrial silicate weathering rates (e.g. Berner, 2004).”
BackgroundPufahl, P. K., & Hiatt, E. E. (2011) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.12.002 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Coogan, L. A., & Dosso, S. E. (2015) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.027 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Early hydrothermal carbon uptake by the upper oceanic crust: Insight from in situ U-Pb dating
Coogan, L. A., Parrish, R. R., & Roberts, N. M. W. (2016) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g37212.1 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ward, P. D., Labandeira, C. C., Laurin, M., & Berner, R. A. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607824103 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationDissolved Organic Carbon Cycling and Transformation
Bauer, J. E., & Bianchi, T. S. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.00502-7 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Explosive volcanism as a key driver of the late Paleozoic ice age
Soreghan, G. S., Soreghan, M. J., & Heavens, N. (2019) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g46349.1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Both enhanced silicate weathering and organic carbon burial are negative feedbacks (Walker et al., 1981; Berner, 2004; KrissansenTotten and Catling, 2017).”
BackgroundA model for calcium, magnesium and sulfate in seawater over Phanerozoic time
Berner, R. A. (2004) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.304.5.438 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“These include (Berner, 2004): the photosynthetic production of organic matter, the bacterial reduction of dissolved sulfate to H2S by this organic matter, the reaction of H2S with iron minerals to form pyrite, and the precipitation of CaCO3 from the HCO3 formed during bacterial sulfate reduction.”
BackgroundSelf-citationChemical weathering and atmospheric/soil CO2 uptake in the Andean and Foreland Amazon basins
Moquet, J., Crave, A., Viers, J., Seyler, P. T., Armijos, E., Bourrel, L., Chávarri-Velarde, E., Lagane, C., Laraque, A., Casimiro, W. S. L., et al. (2011) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.005 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Oxygen dynamics in the aftermath of the Great Oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere
Canfield, D. E., Ngombi-Pemba, L., Hammarlund, E. U., Bengtson, S., Chaussidon, M., Gauthier-Lafaye, F., Meunier, A., Riboulleau, A., Rollion-Bard, C., Rouxel, O., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1315570110 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Mattioli, E., Pittet, B., Petitpierre, L., et al. (2008) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.018 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“one of the most important greenhouse gases, and carbonate rocks represent the most significant reservoir of carbon (Berner, 2004).”
BackgroundHazen, R. M., Sverjensky, D. A., Azzolini, D., Bish, D. L., Elmore, S. C., Hinnov, L. A., & Milliken, R. E. (2013) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am.2013.4425 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“…interact with organic molecules, so sedimentary burial of clay minerals can sequester reduced carbon and thus enhance atmospheric oxidation (e.g., Berner 2004), which in turn affects the nature and rate of clay mineral formation; (5) clay minerals have played a significant * E-mail:…”
BackgroundThe effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles
Jones, M. T., Jerram, D. A., Svensen, H. H., & Grove, C. (2015) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.042 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide
Gerlach, T. M. (2011) · Eos · doi:10.1029/2011eo240001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Crustal evolution and mantle dynamics through Earth history
Korenaga, J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0408 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Burton, K. W., James, R. H., van Calsteren, P., & Gíslason, S. R. (2009) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.12.002 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
- Authors
- Berner, R. A.
- Corresponding author
- Berner, Robert A.
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2004-09-02
- OpenAlex
- W2798800744
- Cited by
- 679
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- atmospheric CO2, atmospheric oxygen, silicate weathering, carbonate weathering, organic matter burial, volcanic degassing, carbon cycle models, paleoclimate, land plant evolution, giant insects, tectonics, global warming, greenhouse gases, fossil fuel combustion
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