Modeling the impact of agricultural land use and management on US carbon budgets
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Abstract
Abstract. Cultivation of the terrestrial land surface can create either a source or sink of atmospheric CO2, depending on land management practices. The Community Land Model (CLM) provides a useful tool for exploring how land use and management impact the soil carbon pool at regional to global scales. CLM was recently updated to include representation of managed lands growing maize, soybean, and spring wheat. In this study, CLM-Crop is used to investigate the impacts of various management practices, including fertilizer use and differential rates of crop residue removal, on the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage of croplands in the continental United States over approximately a 170-year period. Results indicate that total US SOC stocks have already lost over 8 Pg C (10%) due to land cultivation practices (e.g., fertilizer application, cultivar choice, and residue removal), compared to a land surface composed of native vegetation (i.e., grasslands). After long periods of cultivation, individual subgrids (the equivalent of a field plot) growing maize and soybean lost up to 65% of the carbon stored compared to a grassland site. Crop residue management showed the greatest effect on soil carbon storage, with low and medium residue returns resulting in additional losses of 5 and 3.5%, respectively, in US carbon storage, while plots with high residue returns stored 2% more carbon. Nitrogenous fertilizer can alter the amount of soil carbon stocks significantly. Under current levels of crop residue return, not applying fertilizer resulted in a 5% loss of soil carbon. Our simulations indicate that disturbance through cultivation will always result in a loss of soil carbon, and management practices will have a large influence on the magnitude of SOC loss.
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Guillén-Cruz, G., Torres-Arreola, R., Sanchez-Mejia, Z. M., & Flores‐Rentería, D. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14542 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lee, D., Karki, R., Kalin, L., Işık, S., Srivastava, P., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-025-02128-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Soil Carbon Losses Reduce Soil Moisture in Global Climate Model Simulations
McDermid, S., Weng, E., Puma, M. J., Cook, B. I., Tomislav Hengl, A., Sanderman, J., Lannoy, G. J. M. D., & Aleinov, I. (2022) · Earth Interactions · doi:10.1175/ei-d-22-0003.1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bioenergy-Based Sustainable Bioeconomy—Perspectives and Challenges
Vidhya, C. V., Nandhini, S., Sheela, J. M., & Reenaa, M. (2024) · Energy, environment, and sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2523-6_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bergquist, G., Sheaffer, C., Rakkar, M. K., Wyse, D. D., Jungers, J., & Gutknecht, J. (2025) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2025.109535 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Recycling of Poultry Litter by Method of Biogeosystem Technique
Kalinitchenko, V. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Problems · doi:10.13187/ijep.2015.1.17 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bajgain, R., Xiao, X., Basara, J. B., Doughty, R., Wu, X., Wagle, P., Zhou, Y., Gowda, P. H., & Steiner, J. L. (2020) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108137 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biomass Based Bioenergy: Technologies and Impact on Environmental Sustainability
Mehrez, I., Shobana, S., Semaan, G., Kim, S., & Kumar, G. (2022) · 대한환경공학회지 · doi:10.4491/ksee.2022.44.1.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Development and adoption of Kernza—A perennial grain crop for sustainable agriculture
Gutknecht, J., Anderson, J. A., Annor, G. A., Bajgain, P., Crews, T. E., Cureton, C., DeHaan, L. R., Meier, E., Peters, T. E., Picasso, V., et al. (2026) · Plants People Planet · doi:10.1002/ppp3.70164 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zanin, G., Fenton, N. J., Poirier, V., & DesRochers, A. (2025) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.70136 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Lei, H., Yang, D., Xiong, L., & Fang, B. (2016) · doi:10.5194/bg-2016-484 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lin, T.-S., Song, Y., Jain, A. K., Lawrence, P., & Kheshgi, H. S. (2020) · doi:10.5194/bg-2020-68-supplement
Land cover-soil property nexus in semi-arid Odisha: insights for sustainable land management
Sahoo, A., & Barik, K. L. (2025) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-025-14145-9
Eini, M. R., Müller, B. H., & Strauch, M. (2026) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135767
- Authors
- Drewniak, B. A., Mishra, U., Song, J., Prell, J., & Kotamarthi, V. R.
- Affiliations
- Argonne National Laboratory (US)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- Venue
- Biogeosciences
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2015-04-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2119-2129
- ISSN
- 1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
- 1726-4189
- OpenAlex
- W2004025702
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Science (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Keywords
- soil organic carbon, agricultural land use, land management practices, crop residue management, nitrogen fertilization, maize, soybean, spring wheat, Community Land Model, carbon balance, grassland conversion, soil carbon stocks, continental United States
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