Bioenergy production and environmental impacts
Open accessAbstract
Compared with the conventional fossil fuel, bioenergy has obvious advantages due to its renewability and large quantity, and thus plays a crucial role in helping defend the energy security. However, the bioenergy development may potentially cause serious environmental alterations, which remain unclear. The study summarizes the environmental impacts of bioenergy production based on the compilation and published data. Our analysis shows that more and more attention is being paid to the environmental protection as the development of bioenergy, and among the influencing terms of bioenergy production, water issues (i.e., water quantity and quality) gain the greatest concern, whereas the least attention has been given to soil erosion. Although we recognize that the bioenergy production can indeed exert negative effects on the environment in terms of water quantity and quality, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and soil organic carbon, and soil erosion, the adverse impacts varied greatly depending on biomass types, land locations, and management practices. Identifying the reasonable cultivation locations, appropriate bioenergy crop types, and optimal management practices can be beneficial to environment and sustainable development of bioenergy. In this field, Chinese bioenergy production has lagged behind and does not match its rising energy consumption, but it has a great potential of and demand for biomass-based energy especially under its urbanization, in spite of the negative environmental impacts. Therefore, this article is expected to serve as a reference and guideline on what has been done in the bioenergy-oriented countries that might stimulate development of more effective and environmentally sound guidelines for promoting bioenergy production in China and other developing countries as well.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review summarizes published evidence on bioenergy production and its environmental impacts, focusing on water quantity/quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity/SOC, and soil erosion. It concludes that adverse impacts vary greatly by biomass type, land location, and management practice, and that China has large bioenergy potential but lags in production and policy.
Key findings
- In a Scopus publication survey for 2000–2017, water quantity and quality ranked first among environmental-impact terms in 2017 (16%), followed by GHG emissions (6%), biodiversity and SOC (5%), and soil erosion (0.8%).
- Bioenergy accounts for only 14% of global energy consumption currently, while world energy consumption depends 80% on fossil fuels and is projected to increase by more than 50% in the next 20 years.
- Reported examples include: a typical corn-ethanol plant (100 million gal/year) uses as much water as a community of 5000 people; perennial grasses reduce total nitrogen loss by 30–40% versus conventional cotton; switchgrass on marginal land could reduce emissions by 29 million tons CO2-eq/year; US ethanol can reduce transportation GHG emissions by 40–85% relative to gasoline per MJ; N2O has 298 times the global warming potential of CO2; and Miscanthus on arable land can sequester carbon at 0.42–3.8 Mg C/ha year.
- For China, the paper reports approximately 130 Mha of farmland and above 600 Mt of crop residues, with about 200 Mt combusted at low efficiency and above 100 Mt burned directly in field; above 100 Mha is potentially suitable for bioenergy crops, and converting all degraded land to Miscanthus could yield 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock. China’s renewable energy consumption share fell from 34.08% in 1990 to 17.10% in 2014.
Methods
- Narrative review and synthesis based on compilation and published data, summarizing environmental impacts of bioenergy production.
- Publication survey used the Scopus-Elsevier database, examining studies with keywords (listed in Fig. 1) for 2000–2017 and reporting cumulative publication shares for water quantity/quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity/SOC, and soil erosion.
- Discusses life cycle assessment (LCA) as a widely used cradle-to-grave method and reviews LCA findings on GHG savings and SOC sequestration.
Limitations
- The paper states that overall environmental effects remain less clear because of the complexity of bioenergy production systems and lack of information; it also notes limited LCA reports on water depletion and water quality dynamics, and that impacts vary greatly among biomass types, land sources, and management practices.
- Evident from the text: the publication survey is descriptive, and the keyword list is only referenced in Fig. 1 rather than fully specified in the text; no formal meta-analysis or primary data collection is described.
- Evident from the text: many conclusions rely on cited studies and modeled or regional examples, so generalizability is constrained by the review’s scope and the available literature.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 108 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Papers related to bioenergy kept continuously increasing since the year 2000.
“The papers related to 'bioenergy' kept continuously increasing since the year of 2000”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
More and more attention is being paid to environmental protection as bioenergy develops.
“Our analysis shows that more and more attention is being paid to the environmental protection as the development of bioenergy”
- Also stated in: § Bioenergy research overview · hedged
“the continuous increase of publications related to environmental impacts suggests that more and more attention is being paid to the environmental protection when promoting the bioenergy development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Bioenergy research overview · hedged
- Findingown data
The number of bioenergy environmental effects studies increased gradually since 2000 with a very slight growth rate.
“the number of bioenergy environmental effects study (e.g., water quantity and quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity and SOC and soil erosion) increased gradually since 2000 with a very slight growth rate”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
China's bioenergy development lags behind the US and European Union.
“The lag in bioenergy development and declining share of renewable energy consumption (Table 1) as contrasted with the US and European Union efforts calls for more efficient policies on promoting the bioenergy production to safeguard energy security and climate change mitigation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 1
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
Bioenergy-oriented environmental studies were not given as much attention as bioenergy itself, despite an increasing trend.
“our analysis indicated that bioenergy-oriented environmental studies were not given as much attention as bioenergy itself in spite of their increasing trend.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingnone given
Among influencing terms of bioenergy production, water issues (water quantity and quality) gain the greatest concern.
“Among the influencing terms of bioenergy production, water issues (i.e., water quantity and quality) gain the greatest concern, whereas the least attention has been paid to the soil erosion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Limited reports have been conducted on environmental issues other than GHG mitigation and SOC sequestration based on LCA, such as water depletion and water quality dynamics during the bioenergy crops' life cycle.
“However, limited reports have been conducted on the other environmental issues based on LCA, such as the water depletion and water quality dynamics during the bioenergy crops' life cycle”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The least attention has been paid to soil erosion among influencing terms of bioenergy production.
“Among the influencing terms of bioenergy production, water issues (i.e., water quantity and quality) gain the greatest concern, whereas the least attention has been paid to the soil erosion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The adverse impacts of bioenergy production on the environment varied greatly among plant types, land sources, and management practices.
“Although the bioenergy production can indeed exert negative effects on the surrounding environments, consisting of water quantity and quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity and SOC, and soil erosion, the adverse impacts on environment varied greatly among plant types, land sources, and management practices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The wide expansion in corn ethanol production in the US was projected to generate potential water stress at regional and local scales.
“the wide expansion in corn ethanol production (first-generation biofuel) in US, encouraged by EISA in 2007, was projected to generate potential water stress at regional and local scales”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The adverse environmental impacts of bioenergy production varied greatly depending on biomass types, land locations, and management practices.
“the adverse impacts varied greatly depending on biomass types, land locations, and management practices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Bioenergy production is more closely related to water resource and water pollution.
“indicating the bioenergy production is more closely related to water resource and water pollution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Land use conversion from native agricultural land or grassland to perennial grasses can significantly and directly influence hydrological processes such as evapotranspiration, surface runoff, water yield, and soil water storage at regional scale.
“The land use conversion, mainly from the native agricultural land or grassland to perennial grasses (e.g., switchgrass and Miscanthus) can also significantly and directly influence the hydrological processes such as ET, surface runoff, water yield, and soil water storage at regional scale.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Growing perennial grasses reduces 30-40% of the total nitrogen loss compared with conventional cotton cropping system at the watershed scale.
“Growing perennial grasses reduces 30-40% of the total nitrogen loss compared with conventional cotton cropping system at the watershed scale”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Chen et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Nitrate is the most important polluting source of nutrient pollution.
“The most important polluting source of nutrient pollution is nitrate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
CO2 and N2O are two primary greenhouse gas components because of their large quantity and multiple approaches of production.
“Among the GHGs, CO 2 and N 2 O are two primary components because of their large quantity and multiapproaches of production”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Net CO2 emissions resulting from the direct use of biofuels are far less than the utilization of fossil fuel.
“net CO 2 emissions resulting from the direct use of biofuels are far less than the utilization of fossil fuel”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Land conversion to bioenergy crops can cause reduction of water resource at the watershed scale.
“the land conversion to bioenergy crops can cause reduction of water resource at the watershed scale.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Wu and Liu (2012)
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Guo et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Corn requires more water compared to other crops such as wheat and soybean due to additional water consumption in almost every growing stage, especially the joining stage.
“the corn requires more water compared to other crops (e.g., wheat and soybean) due to the additional water consume in almost every growing stage, especially the joining stage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A significant water quality concern with increasing cultivation of bioenergy crops is nutrient pollution resulting from surface runoff and infiltration to groundwater.
“A significant water quality concern with respect to increasing cultivation of bioenergy crops is nutrient pollution resulting from surface runoff and infiltration to groundwater.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A typical corn-ethanol plant with a production capacity of 100 million gal/year uses as much water as a community of 5000 people.
“a typical corn-ethanol plant (with a production capacity of 100 million gal/year) uses as much water as a community of 5000 people”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Service RF 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Water-related concerns can be controlled through proper crop species selection and optimal management.
“the above-mentioned water-related concerns can be controlled through proper crop species selection and optimal management”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Qin et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Wu et al. 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The effect of conversion from arable land to short rotation coppice and perennial grasses was a very small reduction of -0.2 t/ha y for N2O.
“the effect of conversion from arable to SRC and perennial grasses was a very small reduction of -0.2 t/ha y for N 2 O”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harris et al. (2015) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Corn acreage expansion due to the rising demand for ethanol could have serious adverse consequences in soil retention due to its relatively looser planting space.
“The corn acreage expansion due to the rising demand for ethanol could have serious adverse consequences in soil retention due to its relatively looser planting space.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The impact of biofuel production on biodiversity depends on the initial land use condition, the type of bioenergy production system, and the landscape configuration.
“The impact of biofuel production on biodiversity depends on the initial land use condition, the type of bioenergy production system, and the landscape configuration”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Land conversion from native grassland to first generation bioenergy crops and short rotation coppice showed a pronounced increase in CO2 emissions.
“the land conversion from native grassland to first generation bioenergy crops and short rotation coppice (SRC) showed a pronounced increase in CO 2 emissions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harris et al. (2015) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Soil erosion is triggered in three main pathways: corn acreage expansion, residue removal, and land use change.
“The soil erosion is also triggered in three main pathways-the corn acreage expansion, residue removal, and land use change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Soil erosion induced by high-rate residue removal may be mitigated by appropriate management options such as direct input of organic matter and other protecting measures.
“soil erosion induced by high-rate residue removal may be mitigated by appropriate management options, such as the direct input of organic matter and other protecting measures”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cibin et al. (2016) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Land transitions are the major factors influencing N2O emissions.
“the land transitions are the major factors influencing N 2 O emissions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A considerable amount of GHG emissions, up to 5 Mg/ha of fossil-C, could be reduced with the cultivation of perennial crops.
“considerable amount of GHG emissions, up to 5 Mg/ha of fossil-C, could be reduced with the cultivation of perennial crops”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fazio and Monti (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Bioenergy production influences soil organic carbon with three major pathways: residue removal, tillage, and land use change.
“Bioenergy production influences SOC with three major pathways-residue removal, tillage, and land use change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Conversion from forest to perennial bioenergy crops could increase the risk of soil and water loss.
“conversion from forest to perennial bioenergy crops could increases the risk of soil and water loss”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al. 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Indirect effects of bioenergy production on CO2 emissions are important concerns, such as disturbance of CO2 emissions due to land use transitions.
“the indirect effects of bioenergy production on CO 2 emissions are also important concerns”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Growing Miscanthus on arable land will sequester carbon with an accumulation rate ranging from 0.42 to 3.8 Mg C/ha year.
“growing Miscanthus on the arable land will sequester carbon with an accumulation rate ranging from 0.42 to 3.8 Mg C/ha year”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McCalmont et al. 2017a
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The maximum potential switchgrass production on marginal land would reduce emissions by 29 million tons CO2-eq/year.
“the maximum potential switchgrass production on marginal land would reduce emissions by 29 million tons CO 2-eq /year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al. (2017) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Growing perennial grasses especially in erosion-prone areas or slope arable land has a greater potential than corn ethanol production.
“growing perennial grasses especially in erosion prone areas or slope arable land has a greater potential than corn ethanol production.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Land conversion from grassland to short rotation coppice can cause a slight increase in N2O emissions.
“the land conversion from grassland to SRC can cause slight increase in N 2 O emissions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harris et al. (2015) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Soil organic carbon loss might be controlled, to a certain degree, through appropriate residue management such as limited amount of residue removal and additional organic matter inputs.
“the SOC loss might be controlled, to a certain degree, through an appropriate residue management such as the limited amount of residue removal and additional organic matter inputs”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Conversion from grain crops to perennial grasses may generate positive effects on soil and water retention because of the erect and ridged stems with sods that are generated by perennials.
“the conversion from the grain crops to perennial grasses may generate positive effects on the soil and water retention because of the erect and ridged stems with sods that are generated by perennials”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cooney et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Harvesting residues from dead plants that are originally returned to croplands can directly accelerate soil organic carbon loss due to reduced carbon input.
“harvesting residues from dead plants that are originally returned to croplands can directly accelerate the SOC loss due to reduced carbon input”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoekman et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Tillage could always cause soil organic carbon loss.
“tillage could always cause SOC loss.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Drewniak et al. (2015) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Soil organic carbon can be highly reduced through disturbance such as tillage practices.
“the SOC can be highly reduced through the disturbance (e.g., tillage practices)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The reasonable choice of bioenergy plant type and planting locations is important in controlling N2O emission.
“the reasonable choice of bioenergy plant type and planting locations is also very important in controlling the N 2 O emission.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Corn expansion driven by the demand for ethanol may stimulate N2O emission.
“the corn expansion, driven by the demand for ethanol, may also stimulate the N 2 O emission.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
China has above 100 Mha of land potentially suitable for growing bioenergy crops.
“It was estimated by Sang and Zhu (2011) that China has above 100 Mha of land potentially suitable for growing bioenergy crops, and the crops can achieve 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock if converting all the degraded land to Miscanthus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sang and Zhu (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cultivation of perennial grasses on marginal land and their use for heat and power generation can achieve substantial greenhouse gas savings, ranging up to 13 t CO2 eq./(ha year) with Miscanthus.
“the cultivation of perennial grasses on marginal land and their use for heat and power generation can achieve substantial greenhouse gas savings, ranging up to 13 t CO 2 eq ./(hayear) with Miscanthus”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schmidt et al. (2015) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
China has a large potential of bioenergy production.
“China has a large potential of bioenergy production, but Chinese bioenergy production has lagged behind and does not match its rising energy consumption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Biofuel production from agricultural residues without involving land use change is a promising emission reduction option from the perspective of life cycle.
“biofuel production from the agricultural residues without involving land use change is a promising emission reduction option from the perspective of life cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tonini et al. (2016) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
China yields above 600 million tons of crop residues.
“China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world and has approximately 130 million hectares (Mha) farmland, yielding above 600 million tons (Mt) of crop residues, which is the potential biofuel production feedstock (Jiang et al. 2012;Liu et al.et al. 2012;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Perennial grasses could be beneficial to the reduction of N2O emission, about 40-50% less emissions compared to fossil fuels.
“the perennial grasses could be beneficial to the reduction of N 2 O emission (about 40-50% less emissions compared to fossil fuels).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fazio and Monti (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Substituting fossil fuels with biofuels could also significantly reduce air pollution, such as particulate matter, in China.
“substituting fossil fuels with biofuels could also significantly reduce the air pollution (e.g., particulate matter) in China.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Qin et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Electricity production from rice straw produced a higher GHGs emission reduction than the traditional way in India.
“the electricity production from rice straw produced a higher GHGs emission reduction than the traditional way in India.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Soam et al. (2017) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Application of biochar produced from crop residue is important to the enhancement of organic carbon in soil.
“In addition, the application of biochar produced using residue is important to the enhancement of organic carbon in soil because of an organic aggregate with electronegativity that can absorb CO 2 from the air and can be beneficial to both the carbon sink of agricultural soil and the protection of air quality (Pourhashem et al. 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pourhashem et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Biofuel has a high water footprint per unit energy production.
“However, the biofuel is certainly to have a high water footprint on the basis of per unit energy production.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Growing bioenergy crops such as switchgrass or Miscanthus increases evapotranspiration, leading to reduction of water resource.
“As described above, growing the bioenergy crops (e.g., switchgrass or Miscanthus) will increase the amount of ET, leading to the reduction of water resource.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Above 100 Mt of crop residues in China were burned directly in field.
“However, as reported by Sang and Zhu (2011), about 200 Mt of crop residues were combusted at low conversion efficiency and above 100 Mt were burned directly in field, releasing more carbon that are already stored in the system and absolutely causing air pollution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sang and Zhu (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
China has a great potential to derive appropriate bioenergy crop types for balancing bioenergy production and environmental protection.
“In addition, China possesses rich plants species as well as genetic resource, especially for Miscanthus, thus it has a great potential to derive appropriate bioenergy crop types for balancing the bioenergy production and environmental protection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: China possesses rich plant species and genetic resources, especially for Miscanthus.
- Premisecitation
Crop residues are a potential biofuel production feedstock.
“China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world and has approximately 130 million hectares (Mha) farmland, yielding above 600 million tons (Mt) of crop residues, which is the potential biofuel production feedstock (Jiang et al. 2012;Liu et al.et al. 2012;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Switchgrass cultivation in the Mediterranean region of Spain, aiming to generate electricity power, could significantly decrease GHG emissions.
“the switchgrass cultivation in the Mediterranean region of Spain, aiming to generate electricity power, could significantly decrease the GHG emissions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Escobar et al. (2017) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
About 200 Mt of crop residues in China were combusted at low conversion efficiency.
“However, as reported by Sang and Zhu (2011), about 200 Mt of crop residues were combusted at low conversion efficiency and above 100 Mt were burned directly in field, releasing more carbon that are already stored in the system and absolutely causing air pollution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sang and Zhu (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
China has a huge area of low-productive or slope arable lands that can be utilized for growing bioenergy crops.
“China has a huge area of low-productive or slope arable lands that can be utilized for growing bioenergy crops (Fu et al. 2014;Lu et al. 2014;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Fu et al. 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lu et al. 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sang and Zhu 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
China has approximately 130 million hectares of farmland.
“China is one of the largest agricultural countries in the world and has approximately 130 million hectares (Mha) farmland, yielding above 600 million tons (Mt) of crop residues, which is the potential biofuel production feedstock (Jiang et al. 2012;Liu et al.et al. 2012;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Bioenergy crops cultivation, such as Miscanthus, has been regarded as an effective CO2 sink in the UK.
“The bioenergy crops cultivation (e.g., Miscanthus) has also been regarded as the effective CO 2 sink in UK”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McCalmont et al. 2017b
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
There may be potentially large negative impacts on total water resource where bioenergy crops plantation size is mismatched to water resource carrying capacity.
“According to Yaeger et al. (2013) and Liu et al. (2012), there may be potentially large negative impacts on the total water resource where the bioenergy crops plantation size is mismatched to water resource carrying capacity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 34
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong the influencing terms of bioenergy production, water issues (water quantity and quality) gain the greatest concern, whereas the least attention has been given to soil erosion; in 2017 cumulative publications ranked water quantity and quality first (16%), followed by GHG emissions (6%), biodiversity and SOC (5%), and soil erosion (0.8%).
“among the influencing terms of bioenergy production, water issues (i.e., water quantity and quality) gain the greatest concern, whereas the least attention has been given to soil erosion.”
- Also stated in: § Bioenergy research overview · plain
“Of the cumulative publications related to environmental impacts of bioenergy production, the 'water quantity and quality' term ranked first (16%) in the year of 2017, followed by GHG emissions (6%), biodiversity and SOC (5%), and soil erosion (0.8%)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Bioenergy research overview · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenChinese bioenergy production has lagged behind and does not match its rising energy consumption.
“China has a large potential of bioenergy production, but Chinese bioenergy production has lagged behind and does not match its rising energy consumption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataChina's share of renewable energy consumption declined between 1990 and 2014.
“The lag in bioenergy development and declining share of renewable energy consumption (Table 1) as contrasted with the US and European Union efforts calls for more efficient policies on promoting the bioenergy production to safeguard energy security and climate change mitigation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 1
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Findingnone givenThe impacts of bioenergy production on water depletion and water quality vary greatly among biomass types, land sources, and management practices.
“because the impacts of bioenergy production on such problems vary greatly among biomass types, land sources, and management practices.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBioenergy production can exert negative effects on surrounding environments, including water quantity and quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity and SOC, and soil erosion.
“Although the bioenergy production can indeed exert negative effects on the surrounding environments, consisting of water quantity and quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity and SOC, and soil erosion, the adverse impacts on environment varied greatly among plant types, land sources, and management practices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrowing perennial grasses needs almost no pesticide, which is helpful for water quality improvement.
“growing perennial grasses needs almost no pesticide, which is helpful for the water quality improvement”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoekman et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningIdentifying reasonable cultivation locations, appropriate bioenergy crop types, and optimal management practices can be beneficial to the environment and sustainable development of bioenergy.
“Identifying the reasonable cultivation locations, appropriate bioenergy crop types, and optimal management practices can be beneficial to environment and sustainable development of bioenergy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLand conversion from native grass to bioenergy plants or growing bioenergy plants (switchgrass or Miscanthus) on low-productive land in the Mississippi River Basin can decrease water yield, surface runoff, and streamflow, and increase evapotranspiration and nitrogen loss.
“the land conversion from native grass to bioenergy plants or growing bioenergy plants (switchgrass or Miscanthus) on the low-productive land in the Mississippi River Basin can indeed decrease water yield, surface runoff, and streamflow, and increase the evapotranspiration (ET) and nitrogen loss”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrowing bioenergy crops in marginal or erodible areas can reduce streamflow and nutrient losses.
“growing bioenergy crops in marginal or erodible areas can not only reduce the streamflow but also the nutrient losses”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guo et al. (2018) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCorn stover removal can cause increased evapotranspiration and reductions of water yield at the watershed scale, though the magnitude varied with watershed and harvest rate.
“the corn stover removal can also cause increased ET and reductions of water yield at the watershed scale”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cibin et al. 2016 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Wu and Liu 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCorn-ethanol expansion may cause conflict between food and energy and impact food security and market.
“the corn-ethanol expansion may cause conflict between food and energy and impact the food security and market”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIncreasing the frequency of corn plantation in the corn and soybean rotation system or replacing it with continuous corn would significantly lead to more nitrate to waterways and decrease soil nitrogen content.
“increasing the frequency of corn plantation in the corn and soybean rotation system or replacing it with continuous corn would significantly lead to more nitrate to waterways and decrease soil nitrogen content”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Wu et al. 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Wu and Liu 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSustainable bioenergy production can efficiently reduce the risk of energy poverty and contribute to economic development, especially in developing countries.
“sustainable bioenergy production can efficiently reduce the risk of energy poverty and contribute to the economic development, especially in developing countries”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWorld energy consumption depends heavily (80%) upon fossil fuels and will increase by more than 50% in the next 20 years.
“the world energy consumption depends heavily (80%) upon fossil fuels and will also increase by more than 50% in the next 20 years”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ozturk et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites USEIA 2011
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCorn has the highest fertilizer use and low nutrient use efficiency compared to other bioenergy crops.
“corn has the highest fertilizer use and low nutrient use efficiency compared to other bioenergy crops”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites EPA (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWide plantation of bioenergy crops will increase evapotranspiration and decrease annual surface water and water yield in the Yazoo River Basin of the Mississippi River.
“wide plantation of bioenergy crops will increase the amount of ET, decrease annual surface water and water yield in the Yazoo River Basin of Mississippi River”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kim et al. (2013) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisereasoningKnowledge of the overall environmental effects of bioenergy production remains less clear because of the complexity of the bioenergy production system and the lack of information.
“Yet the knowledge of the overall environmental effects of bioenergy production remains less clear because of the complexity of the bioenergy production system and the lack of information.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBioenergy production can exert negative effects on the environment in terms of water quantity and quality, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and soil organic carbon, and soil erosion.
“Although we recognize that the bioenergy production can indeed exert negative effects on the environment in terms of water quantity and quality, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity and soil organic carbon, and soil erosion”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBioenergy accounts for only 14% of global energy consumption currently.
“Although bioenergy accounts for only 14% of global energy consumption currently”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites World energy resources 2016
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUtilizing corn residue could induce various implications for soil and water conservation and soil fertility.
“utilizing the corn residue could also induce various implications for soil and water conservation and soil fertility”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premiseown dataFor transportation use in the US, 40-85% of GHG emissions can be reduced using ethanol relative to gasoline on a per megajoule energy basis, though the magnitude varied greatly among different feedstocks.
“for transportation use in the US, 40-85% of GHG emissions can be reduced using ethanol relative to gasoline on a per megajoule (MJ) energy basis, though the magnitude of GHGs reduction varied greatly among different feedstocks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrowing Miscanthus had much less negative impact on biodiversity than annual crops mainly because perennial cultivations provide relatively stable habitats for supporting wildlife.
“growing Miscanthus had much less negative impact on biodiversity than annual crops mainly because perennial cultivations provide relatively stable habitats for supporting wild life”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe direct replacement of grassland by several biofuel crops could enhance local productivity and help maintain ecosystem functions.
“the direct replacement of grassland by several biofuel crops could enhance the local productivity and help maintain the ecosystem functions”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBiochar application is important to the enhancement of organic carbon in soil because of an organic aggregate with electronegativity that can absorb CO2 from the air and can be beneficial to both the carbon sink of agricultural soil and the protection of air quality.
“the biochar application is important to the enhancement of organic carbon in soil because of an organic aggregate with electronegativity that can absorb CO 2 from the air and can be beneficial to both the carbon sink of agricultural soil and the protection of air quality”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pourhashem et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSoil erosion is a common but severe problem and a major point of concern in bioenergy production because erosion diminishes soil quality and thereby reduces the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems.
“Soil erosion, a very common but severe problem, is also a major point of concern in the bioenergy production, because erosion diminishes soil quality and thereby reduces the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationApplication of biochar can help improve the carbon sink function of the agricultural sector because it can aggregate soil organic carbon and absorb inorganic carbon (CO2) from the air and improve air quality.
“The application of biochar can help improve the function in the carbon sink of agricultural sector because it can not only aggregate the SOC but also absorb the inorganic carbon (i.e., CO 2 ) that exists in the air”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Li et al. 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Pourhashem et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCrop residue left on the soil surface can buffer wind and water erosive forces; harvesting crop residue can increase erosion risk due to less physical protection of the soil surface, leading to both nutrient and soil organic carbon losses.
“The crop residue left on the soil surface can buffer wind and water erosive forces (Blanco-Canqui and Wortmann 2017), thus harvesting crop residue can increase the erosion risk due to the less physical protection of soil surface (EPA 2011;Lal 2005), leading to both nutrient and SOC losses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPerennial grass, especially switchgrass, could reduce sediment yield in streamflow and soil erosion and increase water use and infiltration regardless of climate conditions in the loess gully areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau.
“the perennial grass, especially the switchgrass, could reduce the sediment yield in streamflow and soil erosion and increase the water use and infiltration regardless the climate conditions in the loess gully areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationN2O has a global warming potential 298 times that of CO2, and agriculture is the largest producer of this gas.
“the N 2 O is another important greenhouse gas due to its large potential in global warming (298 times that of CO 2 ), and agriculture is the largest producer of this gas”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Williams et al. 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe benefits of conservation measures on soil retention would be diminished further if increased corn cropping occurred on these lands, and cultivating existing corn crops with appropriate tillage practices would reduce soil erosion.
“the benefits of conservation measures on soil retention would be diminished further if increased corn cropping occurred on these lands, and cultivating the existing corn crops with appropriate tillage practices would also reduce soil erosion”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoekman et al. 2018 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationLand transitions from arable land to second generation bioenergy crops can result in slight reduction of CO2 emissions.
“the land transitions from arable to the second generation bioenergy crops can result in slight reduction of CO 2 emissions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Harris et al. (2015) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningCorn cultivation needs much more fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, which is the substrate for soil denitrification, aggravating N2O emission directly.
“The corn cultivation need much more fertilizer compared with other crops, especially the nitrogen fertilizer, which is the substrate for soil denitrification process, aggravating N 2 O emission directly.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLand conversion from arable land to perennial grasses or growing bioenergy crops on marginal croplands has positive effects on soil organic carbon sequestration.
“The bioenergy-oriented land use change always refers to conversion from arable to perennial grasses or growing bioenergy crops on marginal croplands, which has positive effects on the SOC sequestration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe use of biomass produced on marginal land for energy could result in a positive environmental impact on national GHG emissions.
“the use of biomass produced on marginal land for energy could result in a positive environmental impact on national GHG emissions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liu et al. (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenLand use conversion is the most important factor affecting biological abundance through the direct change of land use condition and production system, which also depends on plant type and planting locations.
“Land use conversion is the most important factor that affects biological abundance through the direct change of land use condition and production system, which also depends on the plant type and planting locations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningIt is necessary to identify the most suitable areas, plant types, and management measures when considering biodiversity and carbon sequestration in developing bioenergy.
“it is necessary to identify the most suitable areas, plant types, and management measures when considering the biodiversity and carbon sequestration in developing bioenergy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrowing energy crops on either low-productive or marginal lands can improve landscape design, and better management practices can reduce the risk of biodiversity loss at locations, although this requires further studies.
“growing energy crops on either low-productive or marginal lands can improve the landscape design, and better management practices can reduce the risk of biodiversity loss at locations, although this requires further studies”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOverall, bioenergy production can be beneficial to both the mitigation of GHG emission and soil organic carbon sequestration.
“Overall, based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that bioenergy production can be beneficial to both the mitigation of GHG emission and the SOC sequestration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIf more crop residues are utilized at higher efficiency, the magnitude of bioenergy would be larger and energy consumption would be more reasonable.
“If more crop residues are utilized at a higher efficiency, the magnitude of bioenergy would be larger and the energy consumption would be more reasonable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMismatched bioenergy crop plantation size may exacerbate the water deficit of marginal land and aggravate water scarcity of China.
“This may exacerbate the water deficit of the marginal land and aggravate the water scarcity of China.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: China has large areas of marginal lands located in arid and semi-arid regions, suffering severe water deficit and not suitable for farming.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationConverting all degraded land in China to Miscanthus can achieve 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock.
“It was estimated by Sang and Zhu (2011) that China has above 100 Mha of land potentially suitable for growing bioenergy crops, and the crops can achieve 1 billion tons of biofuel feedstock if converting all the degraded land to Miscanthus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sang and Zhu (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMarginal lands hold a great potential for the production of perennial herbaceous energy crops.
“It has been previously suggested that the marginal lands hold a great potential for the production of perennial herbaceous energy crops (Liu et al. 2012;McCalmont et al. 2017a;Sang and Zhu 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBiochar can absorb CO2 from the air and benefit the carbon sink of agricultural soil and air quality protection.
“In addition, the application of biochar produced using residue is important to the enhancement of organic carbon in soil because of an organic aggregate with electronegativity that can absorb CO 2 from the air and can be beneficial to both the carbon sink of agricultural soil and the protection of air quality (Pourhashem et al. 2017).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pourhashem et al. 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBurning crop residues releases carbon stored in the system and causes air pollution.
“However, as reported by Sang and Zhu (2011), about 200 Mt of crop residues were combusted at low conversion efficiency and above 100 Mt were burned directly in field, releasing more carbon that are already stored in the system and absolutely causing air pollution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sang and Zhu (2011) source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCultivating willow and alfalfa as feedstocks for bioenergy can potentially sequestrate more soil organic carbon and thus lead to a lower carbon footprint.
“cultivating willow and alfalfa as feedstocks for bioenergy can potentially sequestrate more soil organic carbon and thus lead to a lower carbon footprint.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Parajuli et al. (2017) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningIdentifying appropriate cultivation areas, suitable bioenergy crop types, and optimal management practices can be beneficial to both bioenergy production and environment.
“Identifying the appropriate cultivation areas, suitable bioenergy crop types, and optimal management practices can be beneficial to both bioenergy production and environment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Chinese bioenergy production has lagged behind and does not match its rising energy consumption.
“In this field, Chinese bioenergy production has lagged behind and does not match its rising energy consumption”
The paper relies on this without support.
China has a great potential of and demand for biomass-based energy especially under its urbanization, in spite of the negative environmental impacts.
“but it has a great potential of and demand for biomass-based energy especially under its urbanization, in spite of the negative”
The paper relies on this without support.
China has a great potential of bioenergy crop cultivation due to its high profit and environmental benefits in replacing slope cropland by perennial grass (switchgrass), especially considering the occurring urbanization and accompanied mass migration in China.
“China has a great potential of bioenergy crop cultivation due to its high profit and environmental benefits in replacing the slope cropland by perennial grass (switchgrass), especially considering the occurring urbanization and accompanied mass migration in China.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Compared with conventional fossil fuel, bioenergy has obvious advantages due to its renewability and large quantity.
“Compared with the conventional fossil fuel, bioenergy has obvious advantages due to its renewability and large quantity”
The paper relies on this without support.
China feeds about 22% of the world's population with just 7% of the globe's agricultural land.
“It has to be acknowledged that China has been feeding about 22% of the world's population with just 7% of the globe's agricultural land, and ensuring the food production is the eternal topic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
China has large areas of marginal lands located in arid and semi-arid regions, suffering severe water deficit and not suitable for farming.
“Conversely, China has large areas of marginal lands, which are always located in the arid and semi-arid region and suffered from severe water deficit and are not suitable for farming.”
The paper relies on this without support.
China possesses rich plant species and genetic resources, especially for Miscanthus.
“In addition, China possesses rich plants species as well as genetic resource, especially for Miscanthus, thus it has a great potential to derive appropriate bioenergy crop types for balancing the bioenergy production and environmental protection.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The agricultural crops for bioethanol production on an industrial scale led to rapid and irreversible soil degradation, water scarcity, fertilizer use and pesticide application resulting in air and water pollution, and the loss of wild and agricultural biodiversity.
“The agricultural crops (e.g., sugarcane, corn) for bioethanol production on an industrial scale led to rapid and irreversible soil degradation, water scarcity, fertilizer use and pesticide application resulting in air and water pollution, and the loss of wild and agricultural biodiversity [65].”
From Investigation of Biofuel as a Potential Renewable Energy Source (2021) · cites this paper as [65]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 68 · Cited by 138
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- USEIA (2011) International energy outlook 2011. US Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC
- Authors
- Wu, Y., Zhao, F., Liu, S., Wang, L., Qiu, L., Alexandrov, G., & Jothiprakash, V.
- Affiliations
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CN)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Yiping
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geoscience Letters
- Published
- 2018-05-24
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2196-4092 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2805610532
- Semantic Scholar
- fbe86d54b4a53376e771e77a3350a955ad7f323c
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Geoscience Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Thousand Youth Talent Program of China (122990901606)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Keywords
- bioenergy production, environmental impact, water quality, water quantity, soil erosion, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, soil organic carbon, energy crops, energy security
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
