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Cited by 42Marine and coastal ecosystemsClimate variability and modelsOceanographic and Atmospheric Processes

On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO 2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems

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Brady, Riley X., Lovenduski, Nicole S., Alexander, Michael A., Jacox, Michael, Gruber, Nicolas·2019·Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/bg-16-329-2019

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Abstract

The air–sea CO 2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) vary strongly in time and space, with some of the highest flux densities globally. The processes controlling this variability have not yet been investigated consistently across all four major EBUSs, i.e., the California (CalCS), Humboldt (HumCS), Canary (CanCS), and Benguela (BenCS) Current systems. In this study, we diagnose the climatic modes of the air–sea CO 2 flux variability in these regions between 1920 and 2015, using simulation results from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LENS), a global coupled climate model ensemble that is forced by historical and RCP8.5 radiative forcing. Differences between simulations can be attributed entirely to internal (unforced) climate variability, whose contribution can be diagnosed by subtracting the ensemble mean from each simulation. We find that in the CalCS and CanCS, the resulting anomalous CO 2 fluxes are strongly affected by large-scale extratropical modes of variability, i.e., the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), respectively. The CalCS has anomalous uptake of CO 2 during the positive phase of the NPGO, while the CanCS has anomalous outgassing of CO 2 during the positive phase of the NAO. In contrast, the HumCS is mainly affected by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with anomalous uptake of CO 2 during an El Niño event. Variations in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and sea surface temperature (SST) are the major contributors to these anomalous CO 2 fluxes and are generally driven by changes to large-scale gyre circulation, upwelling, the mixed layer depth, and biological processes. A better understanding of the sensitivity of EBUS CO 2 fluxes to modes of climate variability is key in improving our ability to predict the future evolution of the atmospheric CO 2 source and sink characteristics of the four EBUSs.

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  • Warming in coastal areas increases stratification and inhibits vertical nutrient exchange, limiting productivity.

    “Warming in coastal areas increases the stratification and inhibits the vertical nutrient exchange limiting the productivity (Brady et al., 2019;Di Lorenzo et al., 2005;Garcia-Reyes et al., 2015).”

    From Recent Trends in SST, Chl‐<i>a</i>, Productivity and Wind Stress in Upwelling and Open Ocean Areas in the Upper Eastern North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (2021) · cites this paper as Brady et al., 2019

    The Introduction says upwelling brings nutrients to the surface and fuels primary production. The Discussion and conclusions says changes in upper-ocean stratification will affect upwelling, but it does not establish that coastal warming increases stratification or that the resulting changes necessarily inhibit nutrient exchange and limit productivity. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Brady, R. X., Lovenduski, N. S., Alexander, M. A., Jacox, M., & Gruber, N.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (US)
  • NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (US)
  • NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center (US)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
  • Brady, Riley X.
  • Lovenduski, Nicole S.
  • Alexander, Michael A.
  • Jacox, Michael
  • Gruber, Nicolas
ORCID
Venue
Biogeosciences
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2019-01-24
Volume
16
Issue
2
Pages
329-346
ISSN
  • 1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
  • 1726-4189
DOI
10.5194/bg-16-329-2019
OpenAlex
W2890282526
Cited by
42
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5
FWCI
3.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Biogeosciences (European Geosciences Union) (submittedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
Funders
  • Krell Institute (DE-FG02-97ER25308)
  • Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE-1752724, OCE-1558225)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (149384)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Keywords
air-sea CO2 flux, eastern boundary upwelling systems, climate modes, North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, ENSO, California Current, Humboldt Current, Canary Current, Benguela Current, dissolved inorganic carbon, sea surface temperature, upwelling, mixed layer depth, CESM Large Ensemble

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