The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 29 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Abstract. Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe ScenarioMIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The ScenarioMIP design is one component of a larger scenario process that aims to facilitate a wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to scenario-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of scenarios that limit warming to below 2 °C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from scenarios, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these scenarios will also provide a basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit emissions and land use scenarios generated with integrated assessment models will be provided to participating climate modeling groups by late 2016, with the climate model simulations run within the 2017–2018 time frame, and output from the climate model projections made available and analyses performed over the 2018–2020 period.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
ScenarioMIP is CMIP6’s primary scenario activity, providing multi-model climate projections driven by SSP-based emissions and land-use scenarios from integrated assessment models. It defines eight 21st-century scenarios plus a large initial-condition ensemble and long-term extensions, organized into two priority tiers.
Key findings
- The design comprises eight alternative 21st-century scenarios plus one large initial-condition ensemble and long-term extensions, split into Tier 1 (required) and Tier 2; Tier 1 includes SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP2-4.5, and SSP1-2.6, while Tier 2 adds SSP4-6.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP5-3.4-OS, and SSPa-b (around or below 2.0 W m⁻²).
- Forcing levels span updated RCPs (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5 W m⁻²) and gap scenarios (7.0, 3.4, below 2.6 W m⁻², overshoot); SSP1-2.6 is expected to produce 1.7 °C warming by 2100, and SSPa-b is designed to likely stay below 1.5 °C by 2100.
- Statistically significant local temperature differences over more than half the land surface require at least 0.3 °C global mean temperature separation, roughly equivalent to about 0.75 W m⁻² in an idealized 1 % yr⁻¹ CO₂ increase experiment; regional precipitation requires a much wider separation.
- Long-term extensions to 2300 include SSP5-8.5 extension equilibrating just above 12 W m⁻², SSP1-2.6 extension stabilizing around 2.0 W m⁻² and ~1.25 °C, and the overshoot extension peaking at ~2.4 °C and equilibrating at ~1.25 °C.
Methods
- Design/protocol paper: describes ScenarioMIP objectives, experimental design, and relation to other CMIP6 activities; scenarios are selected from SSP-based IAM marker scenarios, with harmonized spatially explicit emissions and land use to be provided to climate modeling groups by late 2016 and simulations run in 2017–2018.
- Experiments are concentration-driven for long-lived greenhouse gases, while aerosols and ozone use either ScenarioMIP emissions or CMIP-provided concentrations; output is distributed through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF).
- Figures use the simple climate model MAGICC version 6.8.01 BETA to calculate concentration, forcing, and temperature outcomes; no new climate model simulations are analyzed in this paper.
Limitations
- The paper states that IAM feasibility is not the same as real-world feasibility; not all scenarios may be equally attainable, and under limited technology availability or delayed mitigation some models find the 2.6 W m⁻² target unattainable.
- The paper states an open question is whether different SSPs reaching the same global forcing produce different climate outcomes; if sensitivity is larger than assumed, ESM simulations specific to each SSP–forcing combination would be required. It also notes concentration-driven scenarios cannot assess amplification effects of biogeochemical feedbacks beyond the provided GHG concentrations.
- Evident from the text: this is a design paper without a comprehensive analysis plan or results; it also notes pattern scaling and other emulators are not yet demonstrated to reliably replace climate model projections.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
30 Own interpretation · 22 No basis given · 6 Supported · 6 Sources not found · 5 Partly supported · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“More recent work (Tebaldi et al., 2015) has refined this view, indicating that regional temperature outcomes that are statistically significantly different at a 5 % level for more than half the land surface area, and robustly so across the multi-model ensemble, require a separation of at least 0.3 • C in global average temperature.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Tebaldi et al., 2015 source
The Sensitivity of regional climate section states that a ΔGAT of about 0.3 °C is needed for a majority of models to show significant temperature change over at least half the land surface. The Methods define temperature significance using a one-sided test at the 5% level; figure 3 describes the multi-model results at the 0.05 level. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from major international IAM comparison projects (Clarke et al., 2009;Kriegler et al., 2014b;Riahi et al., 2015) indicate that not all scenarios considered in ScenarioMIP may be equally attainable.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Clarke et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Sections 3 and 8 (page numbers not provided) show that the EMF 22 climate-action cases differed in difficulty: no team produced all ten, and some targets could not be met by any model under delayed participation. That supports the general point that scenarios may differ in attainability, but this paper examines EMF 22 cases, not the scenarios considered in ScenarioMIP. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Kriegler et al., 2014b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Riahi et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Mitigation costs and feasibility,” reports that some modeled pathways were infeasible and that feasibility varied with near-term emissions and technology assumptions. This supports the general point that scenarios may differ in attainability, but the paper studies AMPERE pathways, not the scenarios considered in ScenarioMIP. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The latter hinges on a number of additional factors, such as political and social concerns, which might render feasible model solutions unattainable in the real world (see, e.g, Riahi et al., 2015).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Riahi et al., 2015 source
Section 5, “Mitigation costs and feasibility,” explicitly distinguishes feasibility in a model from feasibility in the real world. It says political and social concerns may make feasible model solutions unattainable in practice. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For regional precipitation, a much wider separation is required to ensure that scenarios are statistically different.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tebaldi et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Sensitivity of regional climate section finds that precipitation changes require a much larger difference in global average temperature than regional temperature changes to become statistically significant over much of the land surface. But the Discussion and conclusions says the authors cannot establish an absolute criterion for scenario separation; the results do not show that any particular separation will ensure statistically different precipitation outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, SSP3 (combined with this forcing pathway) is especially relevant to IAM/IAV studies because it combines relatively high societal vulnerability (SSP3) with relatively high forcing.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CMIP5 RCP2.6 projections, which have a median outcome across models of about 1.6 • C global mean surface temperature in 2100, and the SSP1-2.6 scenario and its long-term extension, which is estimated to decline to 1.5 • C warm- ing in the 22nd century (Fig. 5), can inform analyses of the implications of the 1.5 • C target.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > SSP5-3.4-OS:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and also because it is relevant to IAM/IAV research as a scenario that combines intermediate societal vulnerability with an intermediate forcing level.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This emissions pathway is estimated to produce equilibrated radiative forcing over the period 2200-2300 at a level similar to the level reached in the long-term extension of RCP8.5 designed for CMIP5 (Meinshausen et al., 2011c; just above 12 W m -2 in the simple climate model used in Fig. 5).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Meinshausen et al., 2011c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This extension is expected to achieve a long-term equilibrium temperature of 1.25 • C above pre-industrial temperatures, based on the simple climate model used in Fig. 5.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For SSP1-2.6 the rate of negative carbon emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 is extended to 2140 and then increases linearly to zero in 2185, with all other emissions (including CO 2 from land use) held constant at 2100 levels, leading to slowly declining forcing that approximately stabilizes beyond 2200 around 2.0 W m -2 .”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The RCPs were the basis for climate model projections in CMIP5 (Taylor et al., 2012) and their assessment in the IPCC AR5 (IPCC, 2013).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Taylor et al., 2012 source
The Long-term experiments section states that CMIP5 climate-change projections were driven by scenarios consistent with the RCPs. The Taylor et al. citation is attached to the CMIP5-projections part of the sentence; the IPCC AR5 assessment has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites IPCC, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“SSPs 1 and 5 envision relatively optimistic trends for human development, with substantial investments in education and health, rapid economic growth, and well-functioning institutions.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 source
Section 3.1 describes SSP1’s education and health investments and strong institutions; section 3.5 describes strong investments in health, education, and institutions in SSP5. Section 4 says economic development is rapid and broad-based in both, although growth is somewhat slower in SSP1 than in SSP5. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Initial studies indicate that scenario differences of at least 0.3 • C in global average surface temperature are likely necessary to generate statistically significant differences in local temperature over a substantial fraction of the surface, and substantially larger differences are required to produce similarly significant and extensive differences in precipitation outcomes (Tebaldi et al., 201”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 2.1 ScenarioMIP process
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Tebaldi et al., 2015 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Unlike in CMIP3 and CMIP5, where climate model projections were part of the core experiments, in CMIP6 they are part of a dedicated CMIP6-Endorsed MIP (Eyring et al., 2016).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Eyring et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Impacts section says future scenario experiments were part of the CMIP5 core experiments and will instead be run through ScenarioMIP in CMIP6. The passage does not establish the claim that projections were also core experiments in CMIP3. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, SSP5 assumes an energy intensive, fossilbased economy, while in SSP1 there is an increasing shift toward sustainable practices.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 source
Section 4 says SSP5 has rapidly growing energy demand and an energy system that continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels. Section 3.1 describes SSP1 as increasing environmental awareness and a gradual move toward less resource-intensive lifestyles, supporting the contrast in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“SSP2 envisions a central pathway in which trends continue their historical patterns without substantial deviations.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 source
Section 3.2, “SSP2: Middle of the road,” says that social, economic, and technological trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns. It also describes SSP2 as consistent with typical historical patterns, while clarifying that it is not a simple extrapolation of recent experience. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“SSPs 3 and 4 envision more pessimistic development trends, with little investment in education or health, fast growing population, and increasing inequalities.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 says SSPs 3 and 4 have high population growth, slow economic growth and compounded inequality. Sections 3.3–3.4 describe declining or unequal investment in education and difficulty providing health care to disadvantaged groups. They do not establish uniformly little investment in health, or little education investment across all groups in SSP4. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple IAM groups producing SSP-based scenarios have been able to produce preliminary scenarios based on SSP1 that reach about 1.9 W m -2 in 2100, leading to a likely (> 66 %) probability of staying below 1.5 • C in 2100 (but a lower probability around mid-century).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > SSP5-3.4-OS:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like the SSP1-2.6 extension, this pathway also produces a global mean temperature that equilibrates at about 1.25 • C above pre-industrial temperatures beyond 2200, but with a higher peak temperature (about 2.4 • C) during the 21st century.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The level of negative CO2 emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 remains constant until 2140, and then increases linearly to reach zero by 2190.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SSP3-7.0 has relatively strong land use change and high emissions of NTCFs (unlike the SSP5-8.5 scenario), and therefore has been identified as an important experiment on which variants will be conducted by LU-MIP and AerChemMIP”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > B. C. O'Neill et al.: The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the IAM/IAV perspective this scenario is highly relevant since it combines low vulnerability with low challenges for mitigation as well as a low forcing signal.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SSP3 was chosen because SSP3-7.0 is a scenario with both substantial land use change (in particular decreased global forest cover) and high NTCF emissions (particularly SO 2 ) and therefore will play an important role in LUMIP and AerChemMIP”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two scenarios would differ both in forcing levels, spanning a range of approximately 4.5 W m -2 by 2100, and in land use change, with substantial deforestation in the SSP3-7.0scenario and net afforestation in SSP1-2.6.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Land Use MIP (LUMIP)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (Scenar-ioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CMIP6 climate projections will differ from those in CMIP5 not only because they are produced with updated versions of climate models, but also because they are driven with SSP-based scenarios produced with updated versions of IAMs and based on updated data on recent emissions trends.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, the SSPs describe alternative evolutions of future society in the absence of climate change or climate policy.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A workshop held for this purpose concluded that pattern scaling has currently not yet been demonstrated to be able to reli-ably replace the need for climate model projections to generate information for impact studies”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 2.1 ScenarioMIP process
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tebaldi and Arblaster, 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“IAM scenarios were then developed based on the SSPs by elaborating on their implications for energy systems (Bauer et al., 2016) and land use changes (Popp et al., 2016) and quantifying resulting greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations (Riahi et al., 2016).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bauer et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Popp et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Riahi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These CMIP6 simulations will allow integrated analyses to be carried out using climate simulations based on the latest versions of climate models, for a larger set of concentration pathways based on the most recent versions of IAMs.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Differences in climate outcomes between land use and emissions pathways that achieve the same global average radiative forcing level in 2100 but have different patterns of regional forcing are likely to be small relative to the overall uncertainty in applications of these simulations to integrated analyses (including impact assessments).
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There might also be feasible developments in the real world that are not anticipated by the IAM.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These SSP-based IAM scenarios consist of a set of baseline scenarios, which provide a description of future developments in the absence of climate change impacts or new climate policies beyond those in place today, as well as mitigation scenarios which explore the implications of climate change mitigation policies applied to the baseline scenarios.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Riahi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Climate model emulators have the potential to provide a computationally efficient means of generating climate outcomes for arbitrary scenarios and, in so doing, facilitate the representation of uncertainty in applications to impact studies (Tebaldi and Arblaster, 2014).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > What are the effects of declines in forcing (overshoot scenarios)?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tebaldi and Arblaster, 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However in addition, ScenarioMIP simulations will be key to addressing two of the three CMIP6 science questions that have informed the overall CMIP6 design and the endorsement of proposed MIPs, related to the effects of external forcings on the Earth system and to the confounding effects of different sources of uncertainty on future anthropogenic climate change outcomes.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 2.4 Scientific questions addressed by ScenarioMIP
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Multiple IAMs were used for the quantification of the SSP scenarios, and a single”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Riahi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feasibility in an IAM model needs to be strictly differentiated, however, from the feasibility of a scenario in the real world, i.e. whether or not the scenario is capable of being attained.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference in global temperature is roughly equivalent to about 0.75 W m -2 of global average forcing in an idealized 1 % yr -1 CO 2 increase experiment, although the equivalent value is sensitive to the forcing pathway.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ScenarioMIP experimental design consists of a set of eight pathways of future emissions, concentrations and land use, with additional ensemble members and long-term extensions, grouped into two tiers of priority (of which only the first constitutes a required set for modeling centers participating in ScenarioMIP).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3 Overview of ScenarioMIP experiment design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ScenarioMIP design will include an updated and expanded set of forcing pathways directly derived from SSPs.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scenario simulations specified in ScenarioMIP are to be performed in the same configuration as the one used in the CMIP6 historical simulations, ensuring continuity in the climate simulations.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.3 Other design features 3.3.1 Emissions driven vs. concentration driven
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the scenario can be seen as an overshoot of the 3.4 W m -2 level (which it exceeds and then returns to by about 2100) and of the 2.6 W m -2 level, which it returns to in the first half of the 22nd century.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CMIP6 climate projections will differ from those for CMIP5 due to a new generation of climate models, a new start year for the future scenarios (2015 for CMIP6 vs. 2006 for CMIP5), as well as a new set of scenarios of concentrations, emissions, and land use (Figs. 3 and 4).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.3.2 Relation to CMIP5
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the state of development of such emulators is such that many situations remain where they are not suitable, their behavior deviating significantly from the more computationally complex, physically based models that they seek to emulate, or falling short of producing temporally coherent projections, or projections of multiple variables physically inter-related.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > What are the effects of declines in forcing (overshoot scenarios)?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest RCP (RCP2.6), and the low SSP scenarios, already exhibit a limited degree of concentration overshoot.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > What are the effects of declines in forcing (overshoot scenarios)?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ScenarioMIP will carry out climate model simulations for one particular land use and concentration pathway that leads to this level of radiative forcing.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multi-model approach will allow for a better characterization of uncertainty in climate outcomes than would otherwise be possible”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers examining the consequences of climate change and potential adaptations are a key user group of CMIP outputs and products.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Vulnerability, impacts, adaptation and climate services (VIACS) advisory board
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrating climate simulations from ScenarioMIP with the SSPs or other characterizations of societal futures will allow for analyses of future mitigation, adaptation, and impacts that account for both climate and societal change in a coherent fashion.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the design also calls for a large initial condition ensemble that will allow for representation of internal variability in impact studies as well as improved signal detection in experiments in other MIPs that will carry out variants of this scenario.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future simulations will also require specification of natural forcings, in particular solar forcing and volcanic emissions.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 4 Inputs (forcings) and outputs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular ScenarioMIP will link with the VIACS Advisory Board to ensure that the climate model output from the scenarios allows for sector-specific indices being derived (e.g., heat damage degree days for ecosystems, consecutive dry days for agriculture and water resources).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Vulnerability, impacts, adaptation and climate services (VIACS) advisory board
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to run the experiments, data sets for future natural and anthropogenic forcings are required.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Data availability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multi-model climate model projections from ScenarioMIP will also provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted scientific questions regarding the role of specific forcings and the contribution of forcing uncertainty to the total uncertainty budget, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, and longterm climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Differences in climate change projections between RCP-based and SSPx-y simulations following a similar global forcing pathway would be small enough to still warrant integration of the two sets of information into mitigation, impacts and adaptation analysis.
“An enabling hypothesis of the parallel process is that differences in climate change projections would be small enough to still warrant integration of the two sets of information into mitigation, impacts and adaptation analysis.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Differences in climate outcomes between land use and emissions pathways that achieve the same global average radiative forcing level in 2100 but have different patterns of regional forcing are likely to be small relative to the overall uncertainty in applications of these simulations to integrated analyses (including impact assessments).
“An assumption underlying the parallel process (Moss et al., 2010) and the SSP scenario framework is that these differences in climate outcomes are likely to be small relative to the overall uncertainty in applications of these simulations to integrated analyses (including impact assessments).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Variability estimated for one scenario can be applied to outcomes for others.
“based on the assumption that variability estimated for one scenario can be applied to outcomes for others.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The level of negative CO2 emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 remains constant until 2140, and then increases linearly to reach zero by 2190.
“The extension assumes that the level of negative CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 remains constant until 2140, and then increase linearly to reach zero by 2190.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in climate outcomes produced by different scenarios for the same global forcing pathway are likely small relative to regional climate variability, uncertainty across climate models, and uncertainty in impact models used to investigate outcomes of interest to the IAV community.
“The prevailing hypothesis is that differences in climate outcomes produced by different scenarios for the same global forcing pathway are likely small relative to regional climate variability, uncertainty across climate models, and uncertainty in impact models used to investigate outcomes of interest to the IAV community (see Sect. 2.4.2).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The temperature projections in Figure 3 assume zero volcanic forcing and maintain 11-year solar forcing cycles, consistent with the CMIP5 approach.
“projections assume zero volcanic forcing and maintain 11-year solar forcing cycles, consistent with the CMIP5 approach(Meinshausen et al., 2011c).”
Citations
Cites
Climate change 2007: the physical science basis
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An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design
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“The climate model output from ScenarioMIP experiments described in this paper will be distributed through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) with DOIs assigned. in CMIP5, the model output will be freely accessible through data portals after registration.”
InfluentialSelf-citationEyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., & Taylor, K. E. (2016) · Geoscientific Model Development · doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 · Cited by 11,981 · cited 1×
“ScenarioMIP has three primary objectives Eyring et al., 2016) and allows for the quantification of uncertainties on different timescales.”
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Self-citationRiahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O’Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., Bauer, N., Calvin, K., Dellink, R., Fricko, O., et al. (2017) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 · Cited by 6,607
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“Early in the design of the scenario framework, a criterion for selecting RCPs was that they be well separated in terms of radiative forcing (Moss et al., 2008).”
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Goodwin, P., & Cael, B. B. (2021) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-12-709-2021 · Cited by 25
Vulnerability of Water Resources to Drought Risk in Southeastern Morocco: Case Study of Ziz Basin
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Changes to tropical cyclone trajectories in Southeast Asia under a warming climate
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Climate Warming Will Exacerbate Unequal Exposure to Compound Flood‐Heatwave Extremes
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Farm‐level agricultural productivity and adaptation to extreme heat
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“0), with high aerosol emissions and land use change [62].”
BackgroundYao, Y., Qu, W., Lu, J., et al. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13081053 · Cited by 24
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“While SSP3 (regional rivalry) and SSP4 (inequality) assume the slowest deployment of air pollution controls, SSP1 (sustainability) and SSP5 (conventional development) adopt the fastest and widest implementations, as shown in Table 1 [41,42].”
BackgroundEffects of enhanced downwelling of NOx on Antarctic upper-stratospheric ozone in the 21st century
Maliniemi, V., Tyssøy, H. N., Smith-Johnsen, C., Arsenović, P., & Marsh, D. (2021) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-11041-2021 · Cited by 16
Sellevold, R., & Vizcaíno, M. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl092449 · Cited by 24
“We use the output from all global climate models participating in the CMIP6 to project GrIS surface melt for the historical period, and four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs; O'Neill et al., 2016) (Table S2).”
BackgroundMethodTarín‐Carrasco, P., İm, U., Geels, C., Palacios-Peña, L., & Jiménez‐Guerrero, P. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-3945-2022 · Cited by 24
Wang, S., Luo, Y., & Niu, S. (2022) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2021ms002798 · Cited by 24
“More and more ESMs incorporate N processes to represent interactions of the N cycle with the C cycle (Eyring et al., 2016; O'Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundJi, F., Fan, L., Kuang, X., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac6c9a · Cited by 24
Paz, S. M., & Willems, P. (2022) · Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101104 · Cited by 25
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“5) (O'Neill et al., 2016) experiments.”
Baker, J. S., Houtven, G. V., Phelan, J. N., et al. (2022) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2022.102898 · Cited by 24
“The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview.”
MethodFuture Drying Subtropical East Asia in Winter: Mechanism and Observational Constraint
He, C. (2023) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-22-0347.1 · Cited by 24
Cell-level coupling of a mechanistic model to cellular automata for improving land simulation
Chen, G., Zhuang, H., & Liu, X. (2023) · GIScience & Remote Sensing · doi:10.1080/15481603.2023.2166443 · Cited by 24
“Herein, Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)- Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios are taken as an example (O’Neill et al. 2016); they couple SSPs and RCPs and have been adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6)…”
MethodLi, X., Fang, G., Wei, J., Arnault, J., Laux, P., Wen, X., & Kunstmann, H. G. (2023) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-023-06781-z · Cited by 26
“In addition to different possible future GHG emissions, the designed scenarios of CMIP6 account for Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) as well, which makes future scenarios more reasonable and allows for the consideration of uncertainties in climate change policies (O’Neill et al. 2016).”
BackgroundZuin, G. L., Buechler, R., Sun, T., et al. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.128101 · Cited by 24
CMIP6‐ projected changes in drought over Xinjiang, Northwest China
Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Zhou, B. (2023) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.8219 · Cited by 26
“Compared with CMIP5, the latest phase, that is, CMIP6, uses Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) with different future emissions (O'Neill et al., 2016) and includes a larger number of global climate models that feature increase in spatial resolution, improvement in physical parameterizations, and…”
BackgroundMethodCould climate change exacerbate droughts in Bangladesh in the future?
Rahman, M., Tumon, M. S. H., Islam, M. M., Chen, N., Pham, Q. B., Ullah, K., Ahammed, S. J., Liza, S. N., Aziz, M. A., Chakma, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130096 · Cited by 25
Future extreme precipitation changes in the South Asian Summer Monsoon Dominance Region
Deegala, D., Song, Y. H., Chung, ., Ayugi, B. O., & Shahid, S. (2023) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107029 · Cited by 26
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Mapping the shared socio-economic pathways onto the Nature Futures Framework at the global scale
Alexander, P. M., Henry, R., Rabin, S. S., et al. (2023) · Sustainability Science · doi:10.1007/s11625-023-01415-z · Cited by 24
“…system models to compute global, spatially resolved impacts on the climate system or in ecosystem models to explore global, spatially resolved implications for natural and managed ecosystems (Frieler et al. 2015; O’Neill et al. 2016; Popp et al. 2017; Riahi et al. 2017; Rosenzweig et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRobinson, E. L., Brown, M., Kay, A. L., et al. (2023) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-15-4433-2023 · Cited by 24
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“The European Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) facilitates enhanced analyses derived from the EURO-CORDEX projections combined with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project GCM [Coppola et al., 2021], specifically the CMIP5 [Gao et al., 2019] and, more recently, CMIP6 [O'Neill et al., 2016].”
Uncertainty separation of drought projection in the 21st century using SMILEs and CMIP6
Ji, Y., Fu, J., Liu, B., Huang, Z., & Tan, X. (2023) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130497 · Cited by 25
Huang, X., Wang, Y., & Ma, X. (2023) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04802-9 · Cited by 24
“…the scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP), which used scenarios consisting of different SSP and radiative forcing as matrices, highlighting the consistency of future radiative forcing and shared socioeconomic scenarios (O'Neill et al. 2016; Riahi et al. 2017; van Vuuren et al. 2012).”
Historical and future maximum sea surface temperatures
Cael, B. B., Burger, F. A., Henson, S., Britten, G. L., & Frölicher, T. L. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj5569 · Cited by 27
“We use the historical simulations over the 1850–2014 period and the future projections over 2015–2100 from the ScenarioMIP simulations ( 41 ), in particular the low-emissions high-mitigation scenario SSP1-2.”
MethodMitigating nitrogen losses with almost no crop yield penalty during extremely wet years
Liu, W., Li, M., Huang, Y., Makowski, D., Su, Y., Bai, Y., Schauberger, B., Du, T., Abbaspour, K. C., Yang, K., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi9325 · Cited by 24
Zhou, H. L., Tao, F., Chen, Y., et al. (2024) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.109953 · Cited by 24
Integrated planning framework for urban stormwater management: one water approach
Hager, J., Mian, H. R., Hu, G., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2021) · Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure · doi:10.1080/23789689.2020.1871542 · Cited by 22
Zhu, Y., & Yang, S. (2020) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.6756 · Cited by 24
“In CMIP6, the forcing pathways were directly derived from SSPs (O'Neill et al., 2016).”
MethodInfluentialChen, J., Kuang, X., Lancia, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100871 · Cited by 24
“The name of each scenario is a combination of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) (O ’ Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA 1 km monthly dataset of historical and future climate changes over China
Hu, X., Shi, S., Zhou, B., & Ni, J. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04761-y · Cited by 33
“5 forcing levels in CMIP5 representing low, medium, and high forcing categories, indicated optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic future emission scenarios, respectively 37,40 .”
Santos, E. G., Svátek, M., Nunes, M. H., et al. (2024) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.109912 · Cited by 23
IMO2020 Regulations Accelerate Global Warming by up to 3 Years in UKESM1
Jordan, G., & Henry, M. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2024ef005011 · Cited by 39
“…profiles; a control profile identical to that constructed for the UKESM1 “middle‐of‐the‐road” Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2–4.5 (SSP2‐4.5) scenario (O’Neill et al., 2016), and an IMO2020 profile in which the control profile emissions are reduced over ocean cells by 85.7% (percentage change…”
InfluentialNouri, M., & Veysi, S. (2024) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109190 · Cited by 25
Jiang, Z., Li, Y., Wu, H., Shariff, A. R. M., Zhou, H. Q., & Fan, K. (2024) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112936 · Cited by 24
Zhao, Z., Li, Z., Yao, L., Yu, L., Gu, X., & Cai, H. (2024) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2024.104236 · Cited by 26
Projection of climate change impact on the occurrence of drought events in Poland
Ghazi, B., Salehi, H., Przybylak, R., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90488-0 · Cited by 23
Deutloff, J., Held, H., & Lenton, T. M. (2025) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-16-565-2025 · Cited by 23
“With this setup, we generate a “coupled” (CTEM coupled to FaIR) and an “uncoupled” (FaIR only) large-scale model ensemble for five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (O’Neill et al., 2016).”
Past warm intervals inform the future South Asian summer monsoon
He, L., Zhou, T., & Guo, Z. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08956-6 · Cited by 23
“5 scenario 103 .”
Global patterns of rain-on-snow and its impacts on runoff from past to future projections
Maina, F. Z., & Kumar, S. V. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59855-3 · Cited by 32
“CMIP6 offers a standardized framework with coupled global climate models, providing a broad understanding of climate dynamics and interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, and land 41 – 43 .”
Increased Turbulence in the Eurasian Upper‐Level Jet Stream in Winter: Past and Future
Lv, Y., Guo, J., Li, J., Han, Y., Xu, H., Guo, X., Cao, L., & Gao, W. (2020) · Earth and Space Science · doi:10.1029/2020ea001556 · Cited by 24
Bombelli, G. M., Tomiet, S., Bianchi, A., & Bocchiola, D. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13050716 · Cited by 24
“Abbreviations GERD Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 CMIP6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration DEM Digital Elevation Model CN Curve Number CGLS Copernicus Global Land Serv…”
MethodInfluentialWeakened impact of the Atlantic Niño on the future equatorial Atlantic and Guinea Coast rainfall
Worou, K., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., & Kucharski, F. (2022) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-13-231-2022 · Cited by 23
Zhou, F., Yao, M., Fan, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.836085 · Cited by 23
“Concerning the future air temperature series for the model projections, we used the latest two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) (O’Neill et al., 2016): 2–4.”
MethodInfluentialThe effect of experiment conditioning on estimates of human influence on extreme weather
Stone, D. A., Rosier, S. M., Bird, L. J., Harrington, L. J., Rana, S., Stuart, S. J., & Dean, S. M. (2022) · Weather and Climate Extremes · doi:10.1016/j.wace.2022.100427 · Cited by 24
Assessment of Future Drought Index Using SSP Scenario in Rep. of Korea
An, S., Park, G., Jung, H., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14074252 · Cited by 23
Xu, W., Zhu, S., Yang, T., et al. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12050610 · Cited by 23
Relative performance of CMIP5 and CMIP6 models in simulating rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia
Pour, S. H., Shahid, S., & Mainuddin, M. (2022) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-022-04076-7 · Cited by 23
“The latest CMIP employs different pathways for climate projection, labeled as Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (O’Neill et al. 2016).”
MethodNoor, M., Ismail, T., Shahid, S., Asaduzzaman, M., & Dewan, A. M. (2022) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.103951 · Cited by 23
Kumar, M. S., & Umamahesh, N. V. (2022) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2022.291 · Cited by 23
Gasbarro, R., Sowers, D., Margolin, A., et al. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16415 · Cited by 23
Slightly Enhanced Drought in the Yellow River Basin Under Future Warming Scenarios
Li, C., Kattel, G., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106423 · Cited by 23
Future Seasonal Changes in Extreme Precipitation Scale With Changes in the Mean
Bador, M., & Alexander, L. (2022) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1029/2022ef002979 · Cited by 18
“Future simulations we employ are taken from Tier 1 of the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP; O'Neill et al., 2016).”
MethodImpact of Climate and Land Use Land Cover Changes on Soil Erosion
Singh, R. P. (2023) · Water science and technology library · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8665-9_14 · Cited by 23
Montagna, D. L., Attorre, F., Hamdiah, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Forests and Global Change · doi:10.3389/ffgc.2023.1183858 · Cited by 23
“Since the future climate is a result of several factors (such as politics, economics, land-use change), these factors have been considered in updated models, along with radiative forcing achieved by the year 2100 (similar to the old RCP scenarios) in order to create four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) which descr…”
BackgroundFuentes‐Franco, R., Docquier, D., Koenigk, T., et al. (2023) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00396-1 · Cited by 23
Observed forest trait velocities have not kept pace with hydraulic stress from climate change
Quetin, G. R., Anderegg, L. D. L., Boving, I., Anderegg, W. R. L., & Trugman, A. T. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16847 · Cited by 24
Varney, R., Chadburn, S., Burke, E., Jones, S. R. G., Wiltshire, A., & Cox, P. M. (2023) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-20-3767-2023 · Cited by 24
Wang, L., Gu, X., Slater, L. J., Lai, Y., Zheng, Y., Gong, J., Dembélé, M., Tosunoğlu, F., Liu, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2023) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef003613 · Cited by 26
Optimal climate intervention scenarios for crop production vary by nation
Clark, B., Xia, L., Robock, A. D., Tilmes, S., Richter, J. H., Visioni, D., & Rabin, S. S. (2023) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-023-00853-3 · Cited by 26
Lin, X., Jiao, X., Tian, Z., Sun, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, P., Ji, Z., Lu, C., Lun, F., Chang, X., et al. (2023) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2022ef003406 · Cited by 24
Increased flood susceptibility in the Tibetan Plateau with climate and land use changes
Ya, R., Wu, J., Tang, R., et al. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111086 · Cited by 23
Li, J., He, C., Huang, Q., & Li, L. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111318 · Cited by 23
Asaadi, A., Schwinger, J., Lee, H., Tjiputra, J. F., Arora, V. K., Séférian, R., Liddicoat, S. K., Hajima, T., Santana‐Falcón, Y., & JONES, C. D. (2024) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-21-411-2024 · Cited by 24
Solar radiation modification challenges decarbonization with renewable solar energy
Baur, S., Sanderson, B. M., Séférian, R., & Terray, L. (2024) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-15-307-2024 · Cited by 26
“…three different scenarios: SSP245, a scenario representing approximate current policy (O’Neill et al., 2016), SSP585, a very high-emission scenario (O’Neill et al., 2016), and G6sulfur, an SRM scenario that imitates stratospheric aerosol injections (SAI) (Kravitz et al., 2015) and will be referred…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationA Review of Solar and Wind Energy Resource Projection Based on the Earth System Model
Chen, G., & Ji, Z. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16083339 · Cited by 24
On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement
Schwinger, J., Bourgeois, T., & Rickels, W. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27 · Cited by 28
“4 pathway of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; Eyring et al 2016) ScenarioMIP (O’Neill et al 2016) to show that our finding from the idealized simulations are indeed relevant for more realistic scenarios.”
BackgroundReduced Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake due to coastal permafrost erosion
Nielsen, D. M., Chegini, F., Maerz, J., et al. (2024) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02074-3 · Cited by 23
“We cover the historical period (1850–2014) and a wide range of future scenarios (2015–2100, see Methods) following the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) 33,34 .”
InfluentialObserved and projected declines in glacier albedo across the Third Pole in the 21st century
Ren, S., Jia, L., Miles, E. S., Menenti, M., Kneib, M., Shaw, T. E., Buri, P., McCarthy, M., Yang, W., Pellicciotti, F., et al. (2024) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2024.08.010 · Cited by 27
Koldasbayeva, D., Tregubova, P., Shadrin, D., Gasanov, M. E., & Pukalchik, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09953-9 · Cited by 23
Probabilistic assessment of extreme heat stress on Indian wheat yields under climate change
Zachariah, M., Mondal, A., & AghaKouchak, A. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl094702 · Cited by 23
“Based on these conditional distributions, we also offer a prognosis of the risk of yields falling below the long-term average in the region, for associated changes in the heat stress indicators in the observed climate, and for the near and far future from a set of integrated scenarios based on future climate and socie…”
BackgroundPalmiéri, J., & Yool, A. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef004018 · Cited by 30
“The specific forward projection used here is the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5 (“fossil‐fueled development”) with a warming rate of 8.5 W m 2 by 2100 (SSP585; O’Neill et al., 2016).”
MethodInfluentialFuture Climate Change Impacts on Rice in Uttar Pradesh, India's Most Populous Agrarian State
Singh, J., Sahany, S., Singh, K. K., Robock, A., & Xia, L.-L. (2024) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef004009 · Cited by 18
“SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 are relevant for impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability studies because combining these two scenarios covers the medium to worst societal vulnerability (SSP2 and SSP5) with medium to high forcing (O’Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialNielsen, M., Cook, B. I., Marvel, K., Ting, M., & Smerdon, J. E. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef003987 · Cited by 23
“We use historical simulations (1850–2014) and a high‐end forcing scenario (2015–2100; SSP5‐8.5) from Tier 1 of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway simulation in ScenarioMIP (O’Neill et al., 2016) from the CMIP6 archive (Eyring et al., 2016).”
MethodInfluentialGui, K., Zhou, T., Zhang, W., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Weather and Climate Extremes · doi:10.1016/j.wace.2024.100717 · Cited by 25
The long-term sea-level commitment from Antarctica
Klose, A. K., Coulon, V., Pattyn, F., & Winkelmann, R. (2024) · The Cryosphere · doi:10.5194/tc-18-4463-2024 · Cited by 22
“It is the result of the covered ice-sheet physics in the ice-sheet model for a set of uncertain parameters without any nudging.”
BackgroundClimate change alters the future of natural floristic regions of deep evolutionary origins
Minev-Benzecry, S., & Daru, B. H. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53860-8 · Cited by 24
“Thesepathways represent varying levels ofclimate mitigation, ranging from best-case (SSP126) to moderate (SSP245 and SSP370) and high emissions (SSP585) scenarios 32,33 .”
BackgroundFeng, Z., Miao, Q., Shi, H., Gonçalves, J. M., Li, X., Feng, W., Yan, J., Yu, D., & Yan, Y. (2024) · Agricultural Water Management · doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109244 · Cited by 25
Liu, M., Lai, C., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145162 · Cited by 22
Warm-wetting and/or warm-drying tendency over Xinjiang, China?
Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Woolway, R. I., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133417 · Cited by 22
Projected Changes in South Asian Monsoon Low Pressure Systems
Dong, W., Ming, Y., & Ramaswamy, V. (2020) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-20-0168.1 · Cited by 22
Yeste, P., Rosa-Cánovas, J. J., Romero-Jiménez, E., Ojeda, M. G., Gámiz‐Fortis, S. R., Castro‐Díez, Y., & Esteban‐Parra, M. J. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146126 · Cited by 24
“…many efforts have been made to identify the emergence of the climate change signal under a wide range of climate scenarios (Taylor et al., 2012; O’Neill et al., 2016; Lehner et al., 2019), its effects are already evident in certain regions and are expected to become stronger with the increase…”
BackgroundLi, X., & Li, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.7559 · Cited by 25
“Recently, a new set of emission scenarios driven by different socioeconomic assumptions, namely, shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), has been developed to represent various levels of mitigation and adaptation challenges (O'Neill et al., 2016; Riahi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundExacerbated heat in large Canadian cities
Rajulapati, C. R., Gaddam, R. K., Nerantzaki, S. D., Papalexiou, S. M., Cannon, A. J., & Clark, M. (2022) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101097 · Cited by 24
Ma, Q., Li, X., Wu, S., et al. (2022) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02064 · Cited by 22
Wang, J., Tse, K. T., Li, S., & Fung, J. C. H. (2022) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-022-06211-6 · Cited by 22
“1 3 Project (CMIP6), which has developed well-defined climate model experiment protocols, formats, standards and is the primary means to help the scientists to understand how the climate may change in the future (Eyring et al. 2016; O'Neill et al. 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- O'Neill, B. C., Tebaldi, C., van Vuuren, D. P., Eyring, V., Friedlingstein, P., Hurtt, G., Knutti, R., Kriegler, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Lowe, J., Meehl, G. A., Moss, R., Riahi, K., & Sanderson, B. M.
- Affiliations
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Met Office (GB)
- Joint Global Change Research Institute (US)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Tebaldi, Claudia
- Eyring, Veronika
- Friedlingstein, Pierre
- Hurtt, George
- Knutti, Reto
- Kriegler, Elmar
- Lowe, Jason
- Meehl, Gerald A.
- Moss, Richard
- Riahi, Keywan
- Sanderson, Benjamin M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geoscientific Model Development
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2016-09-28
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3461-3482
- ISSN
- 1991-959X (ISSN-L)
- 1991-9603
- OpenAlex
- W2337225114
- Semantic Scholar
- f71367b378592324c4f7aed362e542e4c901a111
- Cited by
- 5,241
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 835 · 2025: 1024 · 2024: 974 · 2023: 897 · 2022: 727 · 2021: 480 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 23.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Geoscientific model development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- RENATE (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RENATE (cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DEFC0297ER62402, FC02-97ER62402)
- European Commission (641816, HORIZON2020)
- Office of Science (FC02-97ER62402, Cooperative Agreement DE-FC02-97ER62402, DEFC0297ER62402)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Keywords
- ScenarioMIP, CMIP6, climate change projections, emission scenarios, land use change, integrated assessment models, multi-model intercomparison, scenario-based assessment, 2 °C warming limit, long-term climate projections, natural climate variability, IPCC assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-16, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-16 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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