The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 29 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Abstract. Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe ScenarioMIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The ScenarioMIP design is one component of a larger scenario process that aims to facilitate a wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to scenario-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of scenarios that limit warming to below 2 °C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from scenarios, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these scenarios will also provide a basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit emissions and land use scenarios generated with integrated assessment models will be provided to participating climate modeling groups by late 2016, with the climate model simulations run within the 2017–2018 time frame, and output from the climate model projections made available and analyses performed over the 2018–2020 period.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
ScenarioMIP is CMIP6’s primary scenario activity, providing multi-model climate projections driven by SSP-based emissions and land-use scenarios from integrated assessment models. It defines eight 21st-century scenarios plus a large initial-condition ensemble and long-term extensions, organized into two priority tiers.
Key findings
- The design comprises eight alternative 21st-century scenarios plus one large initial-condition ensemble and long-term extensions, split into Tier 1 (required) and Tier 2; Tier 1 includes SSP5-8.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP2-4.5, and SSP1-2.6, while Tier 2 adds SSP4-6.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP5-3.4-OS, and SSPa-b (around or below 2.0 W m⁻²).
- Forcing levels span updated RCPs (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5 W m⁻²) and gap scenarios (7.0, 3.4, below 2.6 W m⁻², overshoot); SSP1-2.6 is expected to produce 1.7 °C warming by 2100, and SSPa-b is designed to likely stay below 1.5 °C by 2100.
- Statistically significant local temperature differences over more than half the land surface require at least 0.3 °C global mean temperature separation, roughly equivalent to about 0.75 W m⁻² in an idealized 1 % yr⁻¹ CO₂ increase experiment; regional precipitation requires a much wider separation.
- Long-term extensions to 2300 include SSP5-8.5 extension equilibrating just above 12 W m⁻², SSP1-2.6 extension stabilizing around 2.0 W m⁻² and ~1.25 °C, and the overshoot extension peaking at ~2.4 °C and equilibrating at ~1.25 °C.
Methods
- Design/protocol paper: describes ScenarioMIP objectives, experimental design, and relation to other CMIP6 activities; scenarios are selected from SSP-based IAM marker scenarios, with harmonized spatially explicit emissions and land use to be provided to climate modeling groups by late 2016 and simulations run in 2017–2018.
- Experiments are concentration-driven for long-lived greenhouse gases, while aerosols and ozone use either ScenarioMIP emissions or CMIP-provided concentrations; output is distributed through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF).
- Figures use the simple climate model MAGICC version 6.8.01 BETA to calculate concentration, forcing, and temperature outcomes; no new climate model simulations are analyzed in this paper.
Limitations
- The paper states that IAM feasibility is not the same as real-world feasibility; not all scenarios may be equally attainable, and under limited technology availability or delayed mitigation some models find the 2.6 W m⁻² target unattainable.
- The paper states an open question is whether different SSPs reaching the same global forcing produce different climate outcomes; if sensitivity is larger than assumed, ESM simulations specific to each SSP–forcing combination would be required. It also notes concentration-driven scenarios cannot assess amplification effects of biogeochemical feedbacks beyond the provided GHG concentrations.
- Evident from the text: this is a design paper without a comprehensive analysis plan or results; it also notes pattern scaling and other emulators are not yet demonstrated to reliably replace climate model projections.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
30 Own interpretation · 22 No basis given · 6 Supported · 6 Sources not found · 5 Partly supported · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 Not checked yet · 2 Own method · 2 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“More recent work (Tebaldi et al., 2015) has refined this view, indicating that regional temperature outcomes that are statistically significantly different at a 5 % level for more than half the land surface area, and robustly so across the multi-model ensemble, require a separation of at least 0.3 • C in global average temperature.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Tebaldi et al., 2015 source
The Sensitivity of regional climate section states that a ΔGAT of about 0.3 °C is needed for a majority of models to show significant temperature change over at least half the land surface. The Methods define temperature significance using a one-sided test at the 5% level; figure 3 describes the multi-model results at the 0.05 level. Page numbers are not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from major international IAM comparison projects (Clarke et al., 2009;Kriegler et al., 2014b;Riahi et al., 2015) indicate that not all scenarios considered in ScenarioMIP may be equally attainable.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Clarke et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Sections 3 and 8 (page numbers not provided) show that the EMF 22 climate-action cases differed in difficulty: no team produced all ten, and some targets could not be met by any model under delayed participation. That supports the general point that scenarios may differ in attainability, but this paper examines EMF 22 cases, not the scenarios considered in ScenarioMIP. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Kriegler et al., 2014b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Riahi et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 5, “Mitigation costs and feasibility,” reports that some modeled pathways were infeasible and that feasibility varied with near-term emissions and technology assumptions. This supports the general point that scenarios may differ in attainability, but the paper studies AMPERE pathways, not the scenarios considered in ScenarioMIP. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The latter hinges on a number of additional factors, such as political and social concerns, which might render feasible model solutions unattainable in the real world (see, e.g, Riahi et al., 2015).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Riahi et al., 2015 source
Section 5, “Mitigation costs and feasibility,” explicitly distinguishes feasibility in a model from feasibility in the real world. It says political and social concerns may make feasible model solutions unattainable in practice. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For regional precipitation, a much wider separation is required to ensure that scenarios are statistically different.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tebaldi et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Sensitivity of regional climate section finds that precipitation changes require a much larger difference in global average temperature than regional temperature changes to become statistically significant over much of the land surface. But the Discussion and conclusions says the authors cannot establish an absolute criterion for scenario separation; the results do not show that any particular separation will ensure statistically different precipitation outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, SSP3 (combined with this forcing pathway) is especially relevant to IAM/IAV studies because it combines relatively high societal vulnerability (SSP3) with relatively high forcing.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CMIP5 RCP2.6 projections, which have a median outcome across models of about 1.6 • C global mean surface temperature in 2100, and the SSP1-2.6 scenario and its long-term extension, which is estimated to decline to 1.5 • C warm- ing in the 22nd century (Fig. 5), can inform analyses of the implications of the 1.5 • C target.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > SSP5-3.4-OS:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and also because it is relevant to IAM/IAV research as a scenario that combines intermediate societal vulnerability with an intermediate forcing level.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This emissions pathway is estimated to produce equilibrated radiative forcing over the period 2200-2300 at a level similar to the level reached in the long-term extension of RCP8.5 designed for CMIP5 (Meinshausen et al., 2011c; just above 12 W m -2 in the simple climate model used in Fig. 5).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Meinshausen et al., 2011c
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This extension is expected to achieve a long-term equilibrium temperature of 1.25 • C above pre-industrial temperatures, based on the simple climate model used in Fig. 5.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For SSP1-2.6 the rate of negative carbon emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 is extended to 2140 and then increases linearly to zero in 2185, with all other emissions (including CO 2 from land use) held constant at 2100 levels, leading to slowly declining forcing that approximately stabilizes beyond 2200 around 2.0 W m -2 .”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The RCPs were the basis for climate model projections in CMIP5 (Taylor et al., 2012) and their assessment in the IPCC AR5 (IPCC, 2013).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Taylor et al., 2012 source
The Long-term experiments section states that CMIP5 climate-change projections were driven by scenarios consistent with the RCPs. The Taylor et al. citation is attached to the CMIP5-projections part of the sentence; the IPCC AR5 assessment has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites IPCC, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“SSPs 1 and 5 envision relatively optimistic trends for human development, with substantial investments in education and health, rapid economic growth, and well-functioning institutions.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 source
Section 3.1 describes SSP1’s education and health investments and strong institutions; section 3.5 describes strong investments in health, education, and institutions in SSP5. Section 4 says economic development is rapid and broad-based in both, although growth is somewhat slower in SSP1 than in SSP5. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Initial studies indicate that scenario differences of at least 0.3 • C in global average surface temperature are likely necessary to generate statistically significant differences in local temperature over a substantial fraction of the surface, and substantially larger differences are required to produce similarly significant and extensive differences in precipitation outcomes (Tebaldi et al., 201”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 2.1 ScenarioMIP process
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Tebaldi et al., 2015 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Unlike in CMIP3 and CMIP5, where climate model projections were part of the core experiments, in CMIP6 they are part of a dedicated CMIP6-Endorsed MIP (Eyring et al., 2016).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Eyring et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Impacts section says future scenario experiments were part of the CMIP5 core experiments and will instead be run through ScenarioMIP in CMIP6. The passage does not establish the claim that projections were also core experiments in CMIP3. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, SSP5 assumes an energy intensive, fossilbased economy, while in SSP1 there is an increasing shift toward sustainable practices.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 source
Section 4 says SSP5 has rapidly growing energy demand and an energy system that continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels. Section 3.1 describes SSP1 as increasing environmental awareness and a gradual move toward less resource-intensive lifestyles, supporting the contrast in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“SSP2 envisions a central pathway in which trends continue their historical patterns without substantial deviations.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 source
Section 3.2, “SSP2: Middle of the road,” says that social, economic, and technological trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns. It also describes SSP2 as consistent with typical historical patterns, while clarifying that it is not a simple extrapolation of recent experience. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“SSPs 3 and 4 envision more pessimistic development trends, with little investment in education or health, fast growing population, and increasing inequalities.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites O'Neill et al., 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 says SSPs 3 and 4 have high population growth, slow economic growth and compounded inequality. Sections 3.3–3.4 describe declining or unequal investment in education and difficulty providing health care to disadvantaged groups. They do not establish uniformly little investment in health, or little education investment across all groups in SSP4. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple IAM groups producing SSP-based scenarios have been able to produce preliminary scenarios based on SSP1 that reach about 1.9 W m -2 in 2100, leading to a likely (> 66 %) probability of staying below 1.5 • C in 2100 (but a lower probability around mid-century).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > SSP5-3.4-OS:
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like the SSP1-2.6 extension, this pathway also produces a global mean temperature that equilibrates at about 1.25 • C above pre-industrial temperatures beyond 2200, but with a higher peak temperature (about 2.4 • C) during the 21st century.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The level of negative CO2 emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 remains constant until 2140, and then increases linearly to reach zero by 2190.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SSP3-7.0 has relatively strong land use change and high emissions of NTCFs (unlike the SSP5-8.5 scenario), and therefore has been identified as an important experiment on which variants will be conducted by LU-MIP and AerChemMIP”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > B. C. O'Neill et al.: The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From the IAM/IAV perspective this scenario is highly relevant since it combines low vulnerability with low challenges for mitigation as well as a low forcing signal.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SSP3 was chosen because SSP3-7.0 is a scenario with both substantial land use change (in particular decreased global forest cover) and high NTCF emissions (particularly SO 2 ) and therefore will play an important role in LUMIP and AerChemMIP”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.2.2 Description of each scenario and its rationale
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two scenarios would differ both in forcing levels, spanning a range of approximately 4.5 W m -2 by 2100, and in land use change, with substantial deforestation in the SSP3-7.0scenario and net afforestation in SSP1-2.6.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Land Use MIP (LUMIP)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (Scenar-ioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CMIP6 climate projections will differ from those in CMIP5 not only because they are produced with updated versions of climate models, but also because they are driven with SSP-based scenarios produced with updated versions of IAMs and based on updated data on recent emissions trends.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, the SSPs describe alternative evolutions of future society in the absence of climate change or climate policy.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A workshop held for this purpose concluded that pattern scaling has currently not yet been demonstrated to be able to reli-ably replace the need for climate model projections to generate information for impact studies”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 2.1 ScenarioMIP process
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tebaldi and Arblaster, 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“IAM scenarios were then developed based on the SSPs by elaborating on their implications for energy systems (Bauer et al., 2016) and land use changes (Popp et al., 2016) and quantifying resulting greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations (Riahi et al., 2016).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bauer et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Popp et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Riahi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These CMIP6 simulations will allow integrated analyses to be carried out using climate simulations based on the latest versions of climate models, for a larger set of concentration pathways based on the most recent versions of IAMs.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Differences in climate outcomes between land use and emissions pathways that achieve the same global average radiative forcing level in 2100 but have different patterns of regional forcing are likely to be small relative to the overall uncertainty in applications of these simulations to integrated analyses (including impact assessments).
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There might also be feasible developments in the real world that are not anticipated by the IAM.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These SSP-based IAM scenarios consist of a set of baseline scenarios, which provide a description of future developments in the absence of climate change impacts or new climate policies beyond those in place today, as well as mitigation scenarios which explore the implications of climate change mitigation policies applied to the baseline scenarios.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Riahi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Climate model emulators have the potential to provide a computationally efficient means of generating climate outcomes for arbitrary scenarios and, in so doing, facilitate the representation of uncertainty in applications to impact studies (Tebaldi and Arblaster, 2014).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > What are the effects of declines in forcing (overshoot scenarios)?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tebaldi and Arblaster, 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However in addition, ScenarioMIP simulations will be key to addressing two of the three CMIP6 science questions that have informed the overall CMIP6 design and the endorsement of proposed MIPs, related to the effects of external forcings on the Earth system and to the confounding effects of different sources of uncertainty on future anthropogenic climate change outcomes.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 2.4 Scientific questions addressed by ScenarioMIP
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Multiple IAMs were used for the quantification of the SSP scenarios, and a single”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Riahi et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feasibility in an IAM model needs to be strictly differentiated, however, from the feasibility of a scenario in the real world, i.e. whether or not the scenario is capable of being attained.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.1.1 Choosing forcing levels for CMIP6 scenarios
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference in global temperature is roughly equivalent to about 0.75 W m -2 of global average forcing in an idealized 1 % yr -1 CO 2 increase experiment, although the equivalent value is sensitive to the forcing pathway.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ScenarioMIP experimental design consists of a set of eight pathways of future emissions, concentrations and land use, with additional ensemble members and long-term extensions, grouped into two tiers of priority (of which only the first constitutes a required set for modeling centers participating in ScenarioMIP).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3 Overview of ScenarioMIP experiment design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ScenarioMIP design will include an updated and expanded set of forcing pathways directly derived from SSPs.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Moss
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scenario simulations specified in ScenarioMIP are to be performed in the same configuration as the one used in the CMIP6 historical simulations, ensuring continuity in the climate simulations.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.3 Other design features 3.3.1 Emissions driven vs. concentration driven
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the scenario can be seen as an overshoot of the 3.4 W m -2 level (which it exceeds and then returns to by about 2100) and of the 2.6 W m -2 level, which it returns to in the first half of the 22nd century.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Tier 2: long-term extensions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CMIP6 climate projections will differ from those for CMIP5 due to a new generation of climate models, a new start year for the future scenarios (2015 for CMIP6 vs. 2006 for CMIP5), as well as a new set of scenarios of concentrations, emissions, and land use (Figs. 3 and 4).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 3.3.2 Relation to CMIP5
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the state of development of such emulators is such that many situations remain where they are not suitable, their behavior deviating significantly from the more computationally complex, physically based models that they seek to emulate, or falling short of producing temporally coherent projections, or projections of multiple variables physically inter-related.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > What are the effects of declines in forcing (overshoot scenarios)?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lowest RCP (RCP2.6), and the low SSP scenarios, already exhibit a limited degree of concentration overshoot.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > What are the effects of declines in forcing (overshoot scenarios)?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ScenarioMIP will carry out climate model simulations for one particular land use and concentration pathway that leads to this level of radiative forcing.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > CMIP6 science question
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multi-model approach will allow for a better characterization of uncertainty in climate outcomes than would otherwise be possible”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers examining the consequences of climate change and potential adaptations are a key user group of CMIP outputs and products.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Vulnerability, impacts, adaptation and climate services (VIACS) advisory board
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrating climate simulations from ScenarioMIP with the SSPs or other characterizations of societal futures will allow for analyses of future mitigation, adaptation, and impacts that account for both climate and societal change in a coherent fashion.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the design also calls for a large initial condition ensemble that will allow for representation of internal variability in impact studies as well as improved signal detection in experiments in other MIPs that will carry out variants of this scenario.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future simulations will also require specification of natural forcings, in particular solar forcing and volcanic emissions.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 4 Inputs (forcings) and outputs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular ScenarioMIP will link with the VIACS Advisory Board to ensure that the climate model output from the scenarios allows for sector-specific indices being derived (e.g., heat damage degree days for ecosystems, consecutive dry days for agriculture and water resources).”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Vulnerability, impacts, adaptation and climate services (VIACS) advisory board
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to run the experiments, data sets for future natural and anthropogenic forcings are required.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > Data availability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multi-model climate model projections from ScenarioMIP will also provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted scientific questions regarding the role of specific forcings and the contribution of forcing uncertainty to the total uncertainty budget, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, and longterm climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century.”
§ The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 > 5 Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Differences in climate change projections between RCP-based and SSPx-y simulations following a similar global forcing pathway would be small enough to still warrant integration of the two sets of information into mitigation, impacts and adaptation analysis.
“An enabling hypothesis of the parallel process is that differences in climate change projections would be small enough to still warrant integration of the two sets of information into mitigation, impacts and adaptation analysis.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Differences in climate outcomes between land use and emissions pathways that achieve the same global average radiative forcing level in 2100 but have different patterns of regional forcing are likely to be small relative to the overall uncertainty in applications of these simulations to integrated analyses (including impact assessments).
“An assumption underlying the parallel process (Moss et al., 2010) and the SSP scenario framework is that these differences in climate outcomes are likely to be small relative to the overall uncertainty in applications of these simulations to integrated analyses (including impact assessments).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Variability estimated for one scenario can be applied to outcomes for others.
“based on the assumption that variability estimated for one scenario can be applied to outcomes for others.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The level of negative CO2 emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 remains constant until 2140, and then increases linearly to reach zero by 2190.
“The extension assumes that the level of negative CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels reached in 2100 remains constant until 2140, and then increase linearly to reach zero by 2190.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in climate outcomes produced by different scenarios for the same global forcing pathway are likely small relative to regional climate variability, uncertainty across climate models, and uncertainty in impact models used to investigate outcomes of interest to the IAV community.
“The prevailing hypothesis is that differences in climate outcomes produced by different scenarios for the same global forcing pathway are likely small relative to regional climate variability, uncertainty across climate models, and uncertainty in impact models used to investigate outcomes of interest to the IAV community (see Sect. 2.4.2).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The temperature projections in Figure 3 assume zero volcanic forcing and maintain 11-year solar forcing cycles, consistent with the CMIP5 approach.
“projections assume zero volcanic forcing and maintain 11-year solar forcing cycles, consistent with the CMIP5 approach(Meinshausen et al., 2011c).”
Citations
Cites
Climate change 2007: the physical science basis
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M. C., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., Miller, H. L., & Chen, Z. (2007) · Cited by 23,398
An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J., & Meehl, G. A. (2012) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-11-00094.1 · Cited by 14,052 · cited 7×
“The climate model output from ScenarioMIP experiments described in this paper will be distributed through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) with DOIs assigned. in CMIP5, the model output will be freely accessible through data portals after registration.”
InfluentialSelf-citationEyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., & Taylor, K. E. (2016) · Geoscientific Model Development · doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016 · Cited by 11,981 · cited 1×
“ScenarioMIP has three primary objectives Eyring et al., 2016) and allows for the quantification of uncertainties on different timescales.”
Self-citationThe representative concentration pathways: an overview
van Vuuren, D. P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A., Hibbard, K., Hurtt, G. C., Kram, T., Krey, V., Lamarque, J.-F., et al. (2011) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z · Cited by 7,741 · cited 2×
“This process will basically be done using the methods applied earlier for the RCPs (Van Vuuren et al., 2011a).”
Self-citationRiahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O’Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., Bauer, N., Calvin, K., Dellink, R., Fricko, O., et al. (2017) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009 · Cited by 6,607
Self-citationThe next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment
Moss, R. H., Edmonds, J. A., Hibbard, K. A., Manning, M. R., Rose, S. K., van Vuuren, D. P., Carter, T. R., Emori, S., Kainuma, M., Kram, T., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08823 · Cited by 6,467 · cited 3×
“Early in the design of the scenario framework, a criterion for selecting RCPs was that they be well separated in terms of radiative forcing (Moss et al., 2008).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSpecial report on emissions scenarios
Nakićenović, N., Alcamo, J., Davis, G. R., de Vries, B. J. M., Fenhann, J. V., Gaffin, S., Gregory, K., Grübler, A., Jung, T. Y., Kram, T., et al. (2000) · Cited by 6,089
Self-citationAnthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., & Pongratz, J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415324.018 · Cited by 4,634 · cited 1×
“Forcing is reported as global average radiative forcing, not effective radiative forcing (Myhre et al., 2013).”
The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300
Meinshausen, M. A., Smith, S. J., Calvin, K., Daniel, J. S., Kainuma, M., Lamarque, J., Matsumoto, K., Montzka, S. A., Raper, S. C. B., Riahi, K., et al. (2011) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z · Cited by 3,781
Self-citationClimate change 2007 - mitigation of climate change
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,601–1,700 of 5,246
Substantial changes in the probability of future annual temperature extremes
Slater, R. A. W., Freychet, N., & Hegerl, G. C. (2021) · Atmospheric Science Letters · doi:10.1002/asl.1061 · Cited by 17
“Several models have at least nine individual ensemble members in the SSP370 scenario (the project's minimum requirement for a large ensemble; O'Neill et al., 2016), and all climate models chosen reach all three warming thresholds.”
BackgroundMethodFuture summer warming pattern under climate change is affected by lapse-rate changes
Brogli, R., Sørland, S. L., Kröner, N., & Schär, C. (2021) · Weather and Climate Dynamics · doi:10.5194/wcd-2-1093-2021 · Cited by 19
Tang, S., Song, Y., Zeng, B., & Dong, M. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16268-1 · Cited by 17
“5 represent the low and high radiative forcing with climate warming, respectively (O'Neill et al. 2016; van Vuuren et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialFuture Weakening of the ENSO Ocean Carbon Buffer Under Anthropogenic Forcing
Liao, E., Resplandy, L., Liu, J., et al. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl094021 · Cited by 17
“We used CMIP6 ESMs results from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (Eyring et al., 2016; Kwiatkowski et al., 2020; O'Neill et al., 2016; Riahi et al., 2017; Séférian et al., 2020).”
MethodPlacing the east-west North American aridity gradient in a multi-century context
Bishop, D. A., Williams, P., Seager, R., Cook, E. R., Peteet, D. M., Cook, B. I., Rao, M. P., & Stahle, D. W. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2f63 · Cited by 20
Heyblom, K. B., Singh, H., Rasch, P. J., & DeRepentigny, P. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl096868 · Cited by 17
Wen, B., Blondeel, H., Landuyt, D., & Verheyen, K. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120465 · Cited by 17
Catchment response to climate change under CMIP6 scenarios: a case study of the Krishna River Basin
Anil, S., P, A. R., & Vema, V. K. (2024) · Journal of Water and Climate Change · doi:10.2166/wcc.2024.442 · Cited by 20
Zhou, Z., Yang, S., Hu, F., et al. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef004236 · Cited by 16
“…economic growth with environmental protection, focusing on social equity and efficient resource use, while the latter prioritizes rapid economic growth, potentially leading to resource depletion, environmental degradation, and social instability in the long term (O’Neill et al., 2014, 2016).”
Wakjira, M. T., Peleg, N., Six, J., & Molnár, P. (2024) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110262 · Cited by 18
Yang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-25-2649-2025 · Cited by 19
Marine ecosystem role in setting up preindustrial and future climate
Tjiputra, J., Couespel, D., & Sanders, R. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57371-y · Cited by 20
Future Trends of Global Agricultural Emissions of Ammonia in a Changing Climate
Beaudor, M., Vuichard, N., Lathière, J., & Hauglustaine, D. A. (2025) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2023ms004186 · Cited by 16
ZHANG, M.-L., Lei, B., Zhou, F., Hou, Y., Feng, W., & Zhi-xiong, Z. H. O. U. (2024) · Rock and Soil Mechanics · doi:10.26599/rsm.2024.9436300 · Cited by 15
Climate change risks on railway infrastructure: A systematic review and analysis
Haghighi, E., Kasraei, A., Famurewa, S. M., et al. (2025) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2025.106504 · Cited by 16
Qiu, Y., Famiglietti, J. S., Behrangi, A., Farmani, M. A., Sohi, H. Y., Gupta, A., Hung, F., Abdelmohsen, K., & Niu, G. (2025) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2025gl114747 · Cited by 18
“Earth system models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (O'Neill et al., 2016), can serve as primary tools for projecting future changes in water resources.”
Gui, K., & Zhou, T. (2025) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2024ef005561 · Cited by 18
The Impact of Internal Variability on Benchmarking Deep Learning Climate Emulators
Lütjens, B., Ferrari, R., Watson‐Parris, D., & Selin, N. E. (2025) · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems · doi:10.1029/2024ms004619 · Cited by 17
“The “ssp” and “hist‐” scenarios are Shared Socioeconomic Pathway‐ (ssp) and single‐forcer‐experiments in the ScenarioMIP and DAMIP activities within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) (Eyring et al., 2016; Gillett et al., 2016; O’Neill et al., 2016).”
Past and future change in global river flows
Gudmundsson, L., Brunner, M. I., Döll, P., Fluet‐Chouinard, E., Frolova, N., Gosling, S. N., Hirabayashi, Y., Kireeva, M. B., Liu, X., Schmied, H. M., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-025-00745-z · Cited by 28
“Future projections of global river flow are based on Earth system models (ESMs) that simulate the response of the Earth’s climate to emission scenarios 215,216 .”
The impact of black carbon emissions from projected Arctic shipping on regional ice transport
Li, X., Lynch, A. H., Bailey, D. A., Stephenson, S. R., & Veland, S. (2021) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-021-05814-9 · Cited by 17
Human influence on daily temperature variability over land
Wan, H., Kirchmeier‐Young, M. C., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1cb9 · Cited by 18
Decreasing Wintertime Mixed‐Layer Depth in the Northwestern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Sugimoto, S. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl095091 · Cited by 17
“We analyze historical experiments from 1960 to 2014 (Eyring et al., 2016) and four scenarios from the ScenarioMIP until 2100 (O’Neill et al., 2016), reflecting different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) that result in different radiative forcing magnitudes: SSP1-2.”
MethodKala, J., Hirsch, A., Ziehn, T., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S., Kauwe, M. D. D., & Pitman, A. (2022) · Weather and Climate Extremes · doi:10.1016/j.wace.2022.100415 · Cited by 12
Mizuta, R., Nosaka, M., Nakaegawa, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Ser II · doi:10.2151/jmsj.2022-026 · Cited by 16
“As specified in the HighResMIP, the same settings as in the CMIP6 historical experiments (O’Neill et al. 2016) were used for ozone, volcanic aerosols, greenhouse gases, and solar activity.”
A Strong Anthropogenic Black Carbon Forcing Constrained by Pollution Trends Over China
Liu, Y., Wang, M., Qian, Y., & Ding, A. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl098965 · Cited by 16
“5 experiment (O'Neill et al., 2016), a scenario updating the RCP4.”
Yue, Z., Ji, X., Zhuo, L., et al. (2022) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-26-4637-2022 · Cited by 16
Modeling of the potential geographical distribution of naked oat under climate change
Qin, M., Gao, X., Feng, M., Jin, N., Wang, C., & Cheng, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1009577 · Cited by 16
“concentration pathways that consider socio-economic, land-use effects on the development of regional climate change (Moss et al., 2010; O’Neill et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFahrenbach, N. L. S., & Bollasina, M. A. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-877-2023 · Cited by 16
“middle-of-the-road future pathway in terms of political and economic changes (O’Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundNested hydrological modeling for flood prediction using CMIP6 inputs around Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Alaminie, A. A., Amarnath, G., Padhee, S. K., Ghosh, S., Tilahun, S. A., Mekonnen, M. A., Assefa, G., Seid, A. H., Zimale, F. A., & Jury, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101343 · Cited by 18
Lü, F., Song, Y., & Yan, X. (2023) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs15051442 · Cited by 17
Local and remote climate impacts of future African aerosol emissions
Wells, C., Kasoar, M. R., Bellouin, N., & Voulgarakis, A. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-3575-2023 · Cited by 16
Time-varying changes and uncertainties in the CMIP6 ocean carbon sink from global to local scale
Gooya, P., Swart, N. C., & Hamme, R. C. (2023) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-14-383-2023 · Cited by 18
Future transition in climate extremes over Western Ghats of India based on CMIP6 models
Shetty, S., Umesh, P., & Shetty, A. (2023) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11090-3 · Cited by 16
Kim, S. W., Sommer, B., Beger, M., & Pandolfi, J. M. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16739 · Cited by 16
“Shared Socioeconomic Pathways are specific to the CMIP6, and each pathway projects a distinctive greenhouse gas concentration and socio- economic development trajectory (O'Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundIsrael, J. K., Zhang, Z., Sang, Y., McGuire, P. M., Steinschneider, S., & Reid, M. C. (2023) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2023.120202 · Cited by 16
Climate resilience of dry season cereals in India
DeFries, R., Liang, S., Chhatre, A., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37109-w · Cited by 16
Yang, H., Sun, H. C., Liu, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129862 · Cited by 16
Ahn, J. M., Kim, J., Kim, H., & Kim, K. (2023) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110685 · Cited by 16
Zhao, C., Feng, Y., Wang, T., Liu, W., Wang, H., Liu, Y., & Sun, F. (2023) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04575-1 · Cited by 17
“With the continued intensification of global warming, extreme climate events such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts occur frequently (AghaKouchak et al. 2014; O'Neill et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSun, B., Wang, W., Liu, G., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168489 · Cited by 16
Projections of Temperature-Related Suicide under Climate Change Scenarios in Japan
Thawonmas, R., Hashizume, M., & Kim, Y. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp11246 · Cited by 16
“37,38 SSP5-8.”
A community convention for ecological forecasting: Output files and metadata version 1.0
Dietze, M. C., Thomas, R. Q., Peters, J. A., Boettiger, C., Koren, G., Shiklomanov, A., & Ashander, J. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4686 · Cited by 31
Loughran, T. F., Ziehn, T., Law, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Pongratz, J., Liddicoat, S. K., Hajima, T., Ito, A., Lawrence, D. M., & Arora, V. K. (2023) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2023jg007605 · Cited by 19
“Also, none of the models here have a representation of rangelands and thus the LUH2 rangelands can be variously interpreted by the models as forest, pasture, shrub-237 lands or savanna, which may or may not be considered as woody tree PFTs.”
BackgroundChanges in global DMS production driven by increased CO2 levels and its impact on radiative forcing
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Bie, S., Bilsback, K. R., Pierce, J. R., & Chen, Y. (2024) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-024-00563-y · Cited by 22
Li, Y., Herbst, M., Chen, Z., et al. (2024) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108882 · Cited by 16
Global Future Climate Signal by Latitudes Using CMIP6 GCMs
Song, Y. H., Chung, ., & Shahid, S. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2022ef003183 · Cited by 19
“The shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) include future efforts on climate change mitigation and adaptation based on the radiative forcing of representative concentration pathways (RCPs) (O'Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundNorth–South Disparity in Impact of Climate Change on “Outdoor Days”
Choi, Y., Khalifa, M., & Eltahir, E. A. B. (2024) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-23-0346.1 · Cited by 17
Allen, R. J., Samset, B. H., Wilcox, L. J., & Fisher, R. A. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl4007 · Cited by 16
Wei, Y., She, D., Xia, J., Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Huang, S., Zhang, Y., & Wang, T. (2024) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-024-07199-x · Cited by 19
Non‐Linear Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields May Mislead Stakeholders
Ruane, A. C., Phillips, M., Jägermeyr, J., et al. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef003842 · Cited by 16
“Simulations were conducted for low (SSP1‐2.6), high (SSP3‐7.0) and very high (SSP5‐8.5) emissions scenarios (IPCC, 2021b; O’Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMuñoz, R., Vaghefi, S. A., Drenkhan, F., et al. (2024) · Water Resources Management · doi:10.1007/s11269-024-03853-5 · Cited by 16
Projecting Global Mercury Emissions and Deposition Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Geyman, B. M., Streets, D., Thackray, C., Olson, C. L., Schaefer, K., & Sunderland, E. (2024) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef004231 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies projected Hg deposition in 2035 and 2050 based on anthropogenic Hg emissions estimated from the older IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) and independent estimates (Corbitt et al., 2011; Pacyna et al., 2016; Streets et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhang, Y., Sun, Y., & Hu, T. (2024) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-023-1299-1 · Cited by 16
Ji, Y., Fu, J., Liu, B., & Tan, X. (2024) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110047 · Cited by 19
Ecoclimate drivers shape virome diversity in a globally invasive tick species
Ni, X.-B., Pei, Y., Ye, Y., Shum, M. H.-H., Xiao-ming, C., Wu, Y.-Q., Pierce, M. P., Zhao, L., Wang, G.-P., Wei, J., et al. (2024) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1093/ismejo/wrae087 · Cited by 16
“5) of the CNRM-CM6–1-HR climate model [36] from year 2016 to year 2030 were obtained from the World Climate Research Programme Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP6) [37, 38].”
MethodClimate change-resilient snowpack estimation in the Western United States
Cowherd, M., Mital, U., Rahimi, S., Girotto, M., Schwartz, A., & Feldman, D. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01496-3 · Cited by 16
“…(1980 – 2014) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 3-7.0 (2015 – 2100) ensemble-mean annual maximum SWE, annual cumulative precipitation, and positive degree days foranexamplesubregionwithcomplexterrainintheRockyMountains.SSP 3-7.0isahighbutplausibleemissionstrajectorycovering2015 – 2100 28 .”
InfluentialTajuddeen, I., & Rodrigues, E. M. D. S. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111771 · Cited by 16
“This scenario envisages global economic growth driven by natural gas, oil, and coal burning [34].”
BackgroundInfluentialRakhmatova, N., Nishonov, B., Kholmatjanov, B., Rakhmatova, V., Toderich, K., Khasankhanova, G. M., Shardakova, L., Khujanazarov, T., Ungalov, A., & Belikov, D. A. (2024) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos15070866 · Cited by 18
“CMIP5 (initiated in 2008) [8] and CMIP6 (initiated in 2016) [9,10] have conducted extensive simulations using updated models and scenarios to project future climate change.”
MethodJevrejeva, S., Calafat, F. M., Dominicis, M. D., Hirschi, J., Mecking, J., Polton, J. A., Sinha, B., Wise, A., & Holt, J. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2024ef004886 · Cited by 16
“CMIP model based regional sea level projections are simulated with emission scenarios (e.g., O'Neill et al., 2016) and the ocean dynamics are simulated within an interactively coupled atmosphere and ocean; hence the main mechanisms for heat uptake, heat transport, redistribution of heat and mass in…”
Observed flash drought to persist in future over southern Africa
Ayugi, B. O., Ullah, I., & Chung, . (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175744 · Cited by 20
Regional Impacts Poorly Constrained by Climate Sensitivity
Swaminathan, R., Schewe, J., Walton, J. P. R. B., Zimmermann, K. D., Jones, C., Betts, R., Burton, C., JONES, C. D., Mengel, M., Reyer, C., et al. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2024ef004901 · Cited by 23
“…Results section of the paper) is based on SSP3‐7.0, a high warming scenario from Tier 1 of the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) (O’Neill et al., 2016) that can be expected to inform many climate impact studies in the near future; it is part of the current simulation round of…”
InfluentialMohammad, P., & Weng, Q. (2025) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2025.103294 · Cited by 19
Zhou, S., Qu, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2025) · Resources Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.resenv.2025.100211 · Cited by 16
Watson‐Parris, D., Wilcox, L. J., Stjern, C. W., Allen, R. J., Persad, G. G., Bollasina, M. A., Ekman, A. M. L., Iles, C. E., Joshi, M., Lund, M. T., et al. (2025) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-25-4443-2025 · Cited by 16
The role of prior assumptions in carbon budget calculations
Sanderson, B. M. (2020) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-11-563-2020 · Cited by 17
Self-citationWater Resources Change in Central-Western Argentina Under the Paris Agreement Warming Targets
Rivera, J. A., Tamayo, E. N., & Viale, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2020.587126 · Cited by 16
“9 scenario during the last decades of the Twenty-first Century, a result likely related to a return to lower temperatures after 2050 as a result of mitigation actions (Figure 3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNUIST ESM v3 Data Submission to CMIP6
Cao, J. F., Ma, L., Liu, F., et al. (2021) · Advances in Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00376-020-0173-9 · Cited by 16
A future perspective of historical contributions to climate change
Skeie, R. B., Peters, G. P., Fuglestvedt, J. S., & Andrew, R. M. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-02982-9 · Cited by 16
Regional disparities and seasonal differences in climate risk to rice labour
Simpson, C. H., Hosking, J. S., Mitchell, D., Betts, R., & Shuckburgh, E. F. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac3288 · Cited by 16
Regionally aggregated, stitched and de‐drifted CMIP‐climate data, processed with netCDF‐SCM v2.0.0
Nicholls, Z., Lewis, J., Makin, M. I., et al. (2021) · Geoscience Data Journal · doi:10.1002/gdj3.113 · Cited by 16
Lu, Z., Zhai, Y., Meng, D., Kou, G., Li, H., & Liu, J. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01817 · Cited by 16
Rewicz, A., Myśliwy, M., Rewicz, T., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157959 · Cited by 16
Ding, B., Liu, H., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · Environmental Modelling & Software · doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2022.105492 · Cited by 16
DeSaix, M. G., George, T. L., Seglund, A. E., Spellman, G. M., Zavaleta, E. S., & Ruegg, K. (2022) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13628 · Cited by 17
Tyagi, A., Gupta, N., Tiwari, R. K., James, N., & Chavan, S. R. (2024) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-024-07011-3 · Cited by 16
“5, RCP6.”
InfluentialGreen water availability and water-limited crop yields under a changing climate in Ethiopia
Wakjira, M. T., Peleg, N., Six, J., & Molnár, P. (2025) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-29-863-2025 · Cited by 21
Anagha, K., & Kuttippurath, J. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.121390 · Cited by 16
Emulators of Climate Model Output
Tebaldi, C., Tebaldi, C., Selin, N. E., Ferrari, R., & Flierl, G. R. (2025) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012125-085838 · Cited by 16
Self-citationUsing deep learning to generate key variables in global mitigation scenarios
Li, P., Zhu, R., McJeon, H. C., Byers, E. A., Zhou, P., & Ou, Y. (2025) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-025-02352-8 · Cited by 16
“Accordingly, the outputs from these models are instrumental in facilitating multi-model comparisons 21–23 , model diagnostics 24 and the creation of large-scale scenario ensembles 25,26 .”
Ghazi, B., Salehi, H., Przybylak, R., & Pospieszyńska, A. (2025) · Climate Services · doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2025.100591 · Cited by 18
Ji, F., Yuan, S., Fan, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133912 · Cited by 15
Liu, Y., Lian, J., Nie, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134216 · Cited by 15
What is required for a post-growth model?
Eynde, R. V., Dillman, K. J., Vogel, J., & O’Neill, D. W. (2026) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2026.108928 · Cited by 16
“One way to mitigate this is to perform model intercomparisons where the same scenarios are simulated in different models of the same system and assessed on the same outcome variables, as has been done in the context of IPCC assessments (O’Neill et al., 2016; Zelinka et al., 2020) .”
Projected Hydroclimate Changes on Hispaniola Island through the 21st Century in CMIP6 Models
Herrera, D. A., Méndez‐Tejeda, R., Centella‐Artola, A., et al. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos12010006 · Cited by 15
“the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), SSPs represent emission scenarios based on socioeconomic projections through the 21st century [34,35].”
BackgroundToday’s 100 year droughts in Australia may become the norm by the end of the century
Araujo, D. S. A., Marra, F., Merow, C., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac58ac · Cited by 15
“org/ERL/17/044034/mmedia) of the ScenarioMIP experiment [25] of CMIP6 [23] under four different scenarios of greenhouse gases emissions and socio economic development by the end of the century (SSP1-2.”
BackgroundProjections of Drought Characteristics Based on the CNRM-CM6 Model over Africa
Nooni, I. K., Hagan, D. F. T., Ullah, W., Lu, J., Li, S., Prempeh, N. A., Gnitou, G. T., & Sian, K. T. C. L. K. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12040495 · Cited by 14
East Asian summer monsoon enhanced by COVID-19
He, C., Zhou, W., Li, T., Zhou, T., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-022-06247-8 · Cited by 15
“5 experiment is a moderate emission pathway (O'Neill et al. 2016) and is used as a baseline.”
MethodExploring the Tropical Pacific Manifold in Models and Observations
Falasca, F., & Bracco, A. (2022) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.12.021054 · Cited by 15
Cropland nitrous oxide emissions exceed the emissions of RCP 2.6: A global spatial analysis
Tian, X., Cong, J., Wang, H., Zheng, H., Wang, Z., Chu, Y., Wang, Y., Xue, Y., Yin, Y., & Cui, Z. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159738 · Cited by 17
Yu, M., Hao, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., & Hao, F. (2022) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.7922 · Cited by 15
“5) (Eyring et al., 2016; O'Neill et al., 2016) were employed to analyse the changes in CWPEs across the mainland of China.”
MethodHeat Storage in the Upper Indian Ocean: The Role of Wind-Driven Redistribution
Duan, J., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Lin, P., & Wang, F. (2022) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-22-0534.1 · Cited by 15
Attribution of the Unprecedented 2021 October Heatwave in South Korea
Kim, Y., Min, S., Cha, D., Byun, Y., Lott, F. C., & Stott, P. A. (2022) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-22-0124.1 · Cited by 15
Zuo, D., Wu, C., Zheng, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2022.1053829 · Cited by 15
Sahabi-Abed, S., Ayugi, B., & Selmane, A. N.-E.-I. (2023) · Modeling Earth Systems and Environment · doi:10.1007/s40808-023-01716-3 · Cited by 12
“The new generation of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) global climate models (GCM) data differs from the CMIP5 in having a new set of emission, concentration, extended historical runs time, improved parameterizations for cloud microphysical processes, and land-use scenarios as well…”
BackgroundMethodIdentifying the regional emergence of climate patterns in the ARISE-SAI-1.5 simulations
Labe, Z. M., Barnes, E. A., & Hurrell, J. W. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acc81a · Cited by 15
Li, X., Ault, T. R., Evans, C. P., Lehner, F., Carrillo, C. M., Donnelly, A., Crimmins, T. M., Gallinat, A. S., & Schwartz, M. D. (2023) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2023gl102833 · Cited by 18
“increase in radiative forcing and represents a high-emission, high-end forcing pathway (O’Neill et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelection and downscaling of CMIP6 climate models in Northern Nigeria
Muhammad, W. I., Usman, H. S., Nwankwegu, A. S., Usman, M. N., & Gebresellase, S. H. (2023) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04534-w · Cited by 17
Projections of heat-related excess mortality in China due to climate change, population and aging
Liu, Z., Gao, S., Cai, W., et al. (2023) · Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11783-023-1732-y · Cited by 15
Zeder, J., & Fischer, E. M. (2023) · Advances in statistical climatology, meteorology and oceanography · doi:10.5194/ascmo-9-83-2023 · Cited by 19
North Indian Ocean sea level rise in the past and future: The role of climate change and variability
Jyoti, J., Swapna, P., & Krishnan, R. (2023) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104205 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- O'Neill, B. C., Tebaldi, C., van Vuuren, D. P., Eyring, V., Friedlingstein, P., Hurtt, G., Knutti, R., Kriegler, E., Lamarque, J.-F., Lowe, J., Meehl, G. A., Moss, R., Riahi, K., & Sanderson, B. M.
- Affiliations
- NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Met Office (GB)
- Joint Global Change Research Institute (US)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Tebaldi, Claudia
- Eyring, Veronika
- Friedlingstein, Pierre
- Hurtt, George
- Knutti, Reto
- Kriegler, Elmar
- Lowe, Jason
- Meehl, Gerald A.
- Moss, Richard
- Riahi, Keywan
- Sanderson, Benjamin M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Geoscientific Model Development
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2016-09-28
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3461-3482
- ISSN
- 1991-959X (ISSN-L)
- 1991-9603
- OpenAlex
- W2337225114
- Semantic Scholar
- f71367b378592324c4f7aed362e542e4c901a111
- Cited by
- 5,241
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 835 · 2025: 1024 · 2024: 974 · 2023: 897 · 2022: 727 · 2021: 480 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 23.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Geoscientific model development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- RENATE (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RENATE (cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DEFC0297ER62402, FC02-97ER62402)
- European Commission (641816, HORIZON2020)
- Office of Science (FC02-97ER62402, Cooperative Agreement DE-FC02-97ER62402, DEFC0297ER62402)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Keywords
- ScenarioMIP, CMIP6, climate change projections, emission scenarios, land use change, integrated assessment models, multi-model intercomparison, scenario-based assessment, 2 °C warming limit, long-term climate projections, natural climate variability, IPCC assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-16, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-16 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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