POTENTIAL OF REUSING SALVAGED WOODEN MATERIALS IN FABRICATING DOWEL LAMINATED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WITH WOODEN CONNECTORS

The results exhibited relatively improved vibration characteristics.

“The results exhibited substantial increase in the bending stiffness and relatively improved vibration characteristics.”

In the alternate-layer method, short salvaged timber elements can be used without any end-to-end joining or gluing.

“In this method, short, salvaged timber elements can be used without any end-to-end joining or gluing.”

DLT beams fabricated with salvaged plywood tenons led to approximately 40% higher bending stiffness compared to conventional DLT beams made with Oak dowels.

“The project demonstrated that the DLT beams fabricated with salvaged plywood tenons were efficient and led to approximately 40% higher bending stiffness compared to the conventional DLT beams made with Oak dowels.”

Salvaged plywood plates used in the construction sector as concrete formwork can be used effectively to produce tenon connectors for DLT fabrication.

“The results show that salvaged plywood plates, which are e.g., used in the construction sector as concrete formwork, can be used effectively to produce tenon connectors for DLT fabrication.”

Combining salvaged timber and new full-scale timber boards in alternate layers is a promising alternative for DLT fabrication.

“In addition, the combination of salvaged timber and new full-scale timber boards in alternate layers have shown to be a promising alternative.”

The average bending stiffness of the Stage B specimens was about 84% of the expected average bending stiffness of a conventional DLT made with five full-scale timber boards.

“Overall, the average bending stiffness of the Stage B specimens was about 84% of the expected average bending stiffness of a conventional DLT made with five full-scale timber boards.”

Bending failures occurred almost exclusively in the full-scale timber boards.

“Another important finding was that the bending failures occurred almost exclusively in the full-scale timber boards, suggesting that the proposed system may not be so much dependent on the bending strength of the salvaged timber elements.”

The results exhibited a substantial increase in the bending stiffness.

“The results exhibited substantial increase in the bending stiffness and relatively improved vibration characteristics.”

Previous research has demonstrated that it is often quite difficult to identify any clear trend on how much some mechanical properties of timber may change over time.

“In addition, previous research works [e.g., 5] have demonstrated that it is often quite difficult to identify any clear trend on how much some of the mechanical properties of timber may change over time.”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

For most regions, a strength grading regulation for recycled timber still does not exist.

“One exception is the Australian interim industry standard for recycled timber [16], however, for most regions a strength grading regulation still does not exist.”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Existing grading rules are in general valid only for new timber.

Until automated systems for processing salvaged timber become widely available, post-processing of salvaged timber can be difficult and costly.

“Nevertheless, until such technologies become widely available, post processing of salvaged timber can be difficult and costly.”

Most research works on reusing salvaged timber in mass laminated timber products have focused on non-finger jointed CLT.

“Some research works have also already been conducted on this topic (examples of those studies are summarized in Table 1), most of them focused on nonfinger jointed CLT.”

• cites Table 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Additional costs for end-to-end joining can affect the profitability of reusing salvaged timber.

“Usually, the usable part of a salvaged timber board could be relatively small and the additional costs for end-to-end joining can affect the profitability of reusing salvaged timber.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The usable part of a salvaged timber board could be relatively small.

The tension stress caused by bending loads is resisted predominantly by the full-scale boards.

“Therefore, the tension stress caused by the bending loads is resisted predominantly by the full-scale boards.”

Difficulty in assigning the correct species for salvaged timber creates obstacles in the segregation and grading of salvaged timber materials.

“Assigning the correct species for salvaged timber could be quite difficult [13,14] and this creates further obstacles in the segregation and grading of the salvaged timber materials.”

Presence of metallic fasteners can make processing of salvaged timber more challenging and time-consuming.

“This can make the processing of salvaged timber more challenging and time-consuming.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Salvaged timber may contain metallic fasteners such as nails or screws from previous applications.

Unknown load history makes it more difficult to account for issues such as the duration of load effect on the material properties.

“This makes it more difficult to account for issues such as the duration of load effect on the material properties [15].”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The previous load history of salvaged timber is typically unknown, especially when the source of the materials is not identified.

Using salvaged plywood tenons in DLT beams has the potential to contribute to the circular economy by offering a method for reusing salvaged plywood materials.

“This approach not only improves the bending stiffness of the DLT beams, but also has the potential to contribute to the circular economy by offering a method for reusing salvaged plywood materials.”

Damages such as fastener holes, slots, or cracks can affect the performance of salvaged timber.

“The presence of damages such as fastener holes, slots, or cracks are also common and can affect the performance of salvaged timber [see, e.g., 17].”

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The Australian interim industry standard for recycled timber is an exception to the general validity of existing grading rules for new timber.

“One exception is the Australian interim industry standard for recycled timber [16], however, for most regions a strength grading regulation still does not exist.”

• cites [16]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Existing grading rules are in general valid only for new timber.

Access to continued supply of usable salvaged timber can be difficult for manufacturers of timber products and/or builders who may want to use salvaged timber in their projects.

“Therefore, access to continued supply of usable salvaged timber can be difficult for manufacturers of timber products and or builders who may want to use salvaged timber in their projects.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The number of companies involved in sourcing and distributing salvaged timber is quite limited compared to those for new timber.

Assigning the correct species for salvaged timber can be quite difficult.

“Assigning the correct species for salvaged timber could be quite difficult [13,14] and this creates further obstacles in the segregation and grading of the salvaged timber materials.”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The proposed system may not be so much dependent on the bending strength of the salvaged timber elements.

“Another important finding was that the bending failures occurred almost exclusively in the full-scale timber boards, suggesting that the proposed system may not be so much dependent on the bending strength of the salvaged timber elements.”

The bending failures occurring almost exclusively in the full-scale timber boards was due to the salvaged timber elements being used without end-to-end joining.

“This was due to the fact that the salvaged timber elements were used without end-to-end joining.”

Salvaged timber materials obtained from different sites might have a wide range of mechanical characteristics.

“Uncertainties related to the mechanical properties: as the initial grade and the previous load history are usually unknown, the salvaged timber materials that are obtained from different sites might have a wide range of mechanical characteristics.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Salvaged timber materials come from different sources and usually their original strength class and/or species are unknown.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The previous load history of salvaged timber is typically unknown, especially when the source of the materials is not identified.