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Bending Properties and Vibration Characteristics of Dowel-Laminated Timber Panels Made with Short Salvaged Timber Elements

Open access
Giordano, Lorenzo, Derikvand, Mohammad, Fink, Gerhard·2023·Buildings
DOI 10.3390/buildings13010199
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Abstract

Salvaged timber elements often have length limitations, and therefore, their reuse in structural products normally would require additional processing and end-to-end joining. This increases the costs of reusing such materials, which makes them even less attractive to the timber sector. In the presented research, a new approach is proposed for reusing short, salvaged timber elements combined with new (full-scale) timber boards to fabricate dowel-laminated timber (DLT) panels without significant processing or end-to-end joining or gluing. In this approach, salvaged timber elements are pressed in the system in such a way that they can contribute to the bending performance of the DLT panels by resisting compression stress. In order to evaluate the effectiveness, several small-scale and large-scale DLT panels were fabricated. Salvaged plywood tenons were used as connectors. The bending stiffness of the small-scale DLT panels and the first eigenfrequency, damping ratio, bending properties, and failure modes of the large-scale DLT panels were evaluated. The results exhibited that by using the proposed approach, the short, salvaged timber elements can contribute substantially to the bending stiffness of the DLT panels without requiring end-to-end joining or gluing. On average, about a 40% increase in the bending stiffness could be achieved by pressing in the salvaged timber elements, which results in relatively similar stiffness properties compared to conventional DLT panels. One further characteristic is that the failure of the panels, and therefore the panel’s strength, is mainly governed by the quality of the full-scale timber boards instead of the salvaged ones. This can be beneficial for practical use as the qualitative assessment of the strength properties of salvaged timber becomes less critical.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes pressing short salvaged timber elements into dowel-laminated timber (DLT) panels, connected with salvaged plywood tenons, so they contribute mainly in compression without end-to-end joining or gluing. Tests on small- and large-scale panels showed substantial stiffness gains, with failure governed by the full-scale timber boards rather than the salvaged elements.

Key findings

  • Pressing in salvaged timber increased global bending stiffness by more than 31% in small-scale DLT panels (average 31.8% for panels with end-to-end interlocking; 31.4% without) and by about 39% for large-scale panels’ global stiffness \(EI_{m,g}\) and 36.2% for local stiffness \(EI_{m,l}\).
  • The first eigenfrequency of large-scale panels increased by approximately 6.5% on average after insertion, while the damping ratio response was inconsistent (average decrease of 20.5%, but individual specimens both increased and decreased).
  • Large-scale panels had an average maximum load-carrying capacity \(F_{max}\) of 31.9 kN (COV 6.6%), and failure was always initiated by bending failure of the full-scale timber boards, typically around knots in the tension zone, not by the salvaged timber elements.
  • Of 24 salvaged plywood tenons inspected after destructive tests, most showed no visual deformation, but in all three deconstructed panels one tenon nearest the support had obvious shear deformations.

Methods

  • Eight small-scale DLT panels were fabricated with two layers of full-scale C24 spruce boards and one middle layer of short salvaged spruce elements, using salvaged birch plywood tenons; five had mortise-and-tenon end-to-end interlocking and three did not. Dimensions were \(132 \times 117 \times 1260\) mm.
  • Five large-scale DLT panels were fabricated with three layers of full-scale C24 spruce boards and two layers of salvaged spruce elements, connected with salvaged plywood tenons and initially nailed with wooden nails; dimensions were \(220 \times 117 \times 3500\) mm. Salvaged elements were inserted into undersized voids by hammering to create pressing/prestress.
  • Small-scale panels were tested non-destructively in three-point bending; large-scale panels were tested in four-point bending and vibration before (Stage A) and after (Stage B) pressing in salvaged elements, with Stage B loaded to failure. Bending stiffness was calculated from load-deflection curves according to EN 408.

Limitations

  • The paper states that no comparison tests to conventional three- and five-layer DLT panels were conducted, and the low number of test specimens means qualitative comparisons would carry large uncertainties.
  • The paper states that vibration tests can be sensitive to experimental conditions, especially because some specimens had uneven bottom surfaces that may have affected support conditions; the prestressing effect also requires further investigation.
  • The paper lists further research needs including long-term performance, analytical investigation of prestressing, prediction models, optimization of insertion angle, and evaluation of different insertion methods; the text also makes evident that small-scale panels were not loaded to failure, and fabrication time estimates were based on prototyping, inexperienced staff, and conventional equipment.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/buildings13010199

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

14 of 27 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    In previous studies on salvaged timber in mass-laminated timber products, efficient mechanical properties were reported.

    “In all those studies, efficient mechanical properties were reported.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [11] Llana, 2022, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) manufactured with European oak recovered from demolition: Structural properties and non-destructive evaluation, Constr. Build. Mater. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that previous studies found similar or higher stiffness in CLT made with recovered timber. But it also reports lower strength in one study and says the studies do not agree on stiffness; the Abstract likewise reports lower bending strength for this paper’s recovered-timber panels. These qualifications do not support an unqualified claim that all the studies reported efficient mechanical properties. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [12] Ma, 2021, Flexural and shear performance of CLT panels made from salvaged beetle-killed white spruce, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [13] Arbelaez, 2020, Salvaged lumber for Structural Mass Timber Panels: Manufacturing and Testing, Wood Fiber Sci. source
    • cites [14] Rose, C.M., Bergsagel, D., Dufresne, T., Unubreme, E., Lyu, T., Duffour, P., and Stegemann, J.A. (2018). Cross-laminated secondary timber: Experimental testing and modelling the effect of defects and reduced feedstock properties. Sustainability, 10. source

      The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) report similar compression properties for cross-laminated secondary and primary timber, supporting the claim that salvaged timber can perform well in a laminated product. But secondary timber had only about 60% of the primary timber’s bending strength. The Conclusions (§5; page unavailable) also call for application-specific design and more testing, so this paper does not support an unqualified claim about efficient mechanical properties in all the studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisereasoning

    Reuse of short salvaged timber elements in mass-laminated timber products normally requires additional processing and end-to-end joining, such as finger jointing.

    “Salvaged timber elements often have length limitations, and therefore, their reuse in structural products normally would require additional processing and end-to-end joining.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · hedged
      “Currently, the use of short timber elements in mass laminated timber is possible in general through finger jointing or other forms of end-to-end joining, e.g., [15,16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Dziurka, D., Kawalerczyk, J., Walkiewicz, J., Derkowski, A., and Mirski, R. (2022). The Possibility to Use Pine Timber Pieces with Small Size in the Production of Glulam Beams. Materials, 15. source

      The Introduction says short wood pieces are usually joined with glue joints such as finger joints, and Materials and Methods describes using short timber in glulam beams. But the paper discusses pieces produced during timber processing, not salvaged timber; it does not establish that reclaimed structural timber normally requires this treatment. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [16] Dziurka, D., Kuliński, M., Trociński, A., and Mirski, R. (2022). Possibility to Use Short Sawn Timber in the Production of Glued Laminated Beams. Materials, 15. source

      The Materials and Methods section says removing defects can leave timber too short for a beam and that sawn timber can be bonded end to end with finger joints. The paper addresses short sawn timber for glulam beams, not salvaged timber specifically, so it does not establish the claim about salvaged elements. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: Short salvaged timber elements often have length limitations that make their reuse in structural products require additional processing or end-to-end joining.
  • Findingown data

    On average, about a 40% increase in bending stiffness could be achieved by pressing in the salvaged timber elements.

    “On average, about a 40% increase in the bending stiffness could be achieved by pressing in the salvaged timber elements, which results in relatively similar stiffness properties compared to conventional DLT panels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    End-to-end interlocking was not found to make any substantial difference.

    “The end-to-end interlocking was not found to make any substantial difference and, therefore, was no longer considered in the subsequent experiments on the large-scale DLT panels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The failure of the panels, and therefore the panel's strength, is mainly governed by the quality of the full-scale timber boards instead of the salvaged ones.

    “One further characteristic is that the failure of the panels, and therefore the panel's strength, is mainly governed by the quality of the full-scale timber boards instead of the salvaged ones.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “One specific characteristic of this approach is that the bending failure of the panels, and therefore their bending strength, is mainly governed by the quality of the full-scale timber boards rather than the salvaged timber.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The use of plywood as a connector in different composite structures has been the subject of a few previous studies.

    “The use of plywood as a connector in different composite structures has also been the subject of a few previous studies [3,27,28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [3] Derikvand, 2021, Mechanical Properties of Dowel Laminated Timber Beams with Connectors Made of Salvaged Wooden Materials, J. Archit. Eng. source
    • cites [27] Chang, 2011, Development of all-wood connections with plywood flitch plate and oak pegs, Adv. Struct. Eng. source
    • cites [28] Mec, 2019, Experimental investigation and performance of timber-concrete composite floor structure with non-metallic connection system, Eng. Struct. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Direct use of salvaged timber materials in their solid form without requiring significant processing is still limited.

    “Nevertheless, the direct use of salvaged timber materials in their solid form without requiring significant processing is still limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [11] Llana, 2022, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) manufactured with European oak recovered from demolition: Structural properties and non-destructive evaluation, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [12] Ma, 2021, Flexural and shear performance of CLT panels made from salvaged beetle-killed white spruce, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [13] Arbelaez, 2020, Salvaged lumber for Structural Mass Timber Panels: Manufacturing and Testing, Wood Fiber Sci. source

      The Abstract says the market for small salvaged lumber is near saturation and investigates its use in cross-laminated timber panels. It does not address whether direct use of salvaged timber in solid form, without significant processing, is limited; searches for direct reuse and processing found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [14] Rose, C.M., Bergsagel, D., Dufresne, T., Unubreme, E., Lyu, T., Duffour, P., and Stegemann, J.A. (2018). Cross-laminated secondary timber: Experimental testing and modelling the effect of defects and reduced feedstock properties. Sustainability, 10. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The mechanical properties of salvaged timber elements might be affected by natural aging phenomena, duration of load effects, or mechanical and biological damages.

    “The mechanical properties of salvaged timber elements might be affected by natural aging phenomena, the duration of load effects (DOL, static fatigue, see, e.g., [17]), or mechanical and biological damages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Svensson, 2009, Duration of load effects of solid wood: A review of methods and models, Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. source
    • cites [18] Cavalli, 2016, A review on the mechanical properties of aged wood and salvaged timber, Constr. Build. Mater. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous research works have demonstrated the feasibility of reusing salvaged timber in fabricating mass-laminated timber products.

    “The above research works have demonstrated the feasibility of reusing salvaged timber in fabricating mass-laminated timber products; however, there are challenges that limit the widespread reuse of such materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [11] Llana, 2022, Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) manufactured with European oak recovered from demolition: Structural properties and non-destructive evaluation, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [12] Ma, 2021, Flexural and shear performance of CLT panels made from salvaged beetle-killed white spruce, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [13] Arbelaez, 2020, Salvaged lumber for Structural Mass Timber Panels: Manufacturing and Testing, Wood Fiber Sci. source
    • cites [14] Rose, C.M., Bergsagel, D., Dufresne, T., Unubreme, E., Lyu, T., Duffour, P., and Stegemann, J.A. (2018). Cross-laminated secondary timber: Experimental testing and modelling the effect of defects and reduced feedstock properties. Sustainability, 10. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The vibration test in general can be quite sensitive to the experimental conditions.

    “It should be noted, however, that the vibration test, in general, could be quite sensitive to the experimental conditions, see, e.g., [32,33]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Pasca, 2021, Dynamic characterization of timber floor subassemblies: Sensitivity analysis and modeling issues, J. Struct. Eng. source
    • cites [33] Jaaranen, 2022, Experimental and numerical investigations of two-way LVL–concrete composite plates with various support conditions, Eng. Struct. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An average increase of approximately 39% for EIm,g and 36.2% for EIm,l was observed in the large-scale DLT panels after inserting the salvaged timber elements.

    “Overall, a considerable average increase of approximately 39% for EI m,g and 36.2% for EI m,l was observed after inserting the salvaged timber elements in the panels (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The fabrication process of each large-scale DLT panel was completed in about three to four hours.

    “the fabrication process of each large-scale DLT panel was completed in about three to four hours”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effect of inserting the salvaged timber elements on the damping ratio of the large-scale DLT panels was inconsistent, decreasing in some specimens and increasing in others.

    “The effect on the damping ratio was inconsistent.The damping ratio decreased in some specimens while it increased in others.”
    • Also stated in: § • · plain
      “whereas its influence on the damping ratio was inconsistent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Hammering the salvaged plywood tenons was easy, whereas hammering the salvaged timber elements into the voids required some effort, more pronounced for the large-scale DLT panels.

    “The hammering of the salvaged plywood tenons was easy; however, it required some effort to hammer the salvaged timber elements into the voids.This was more pronounced for the large-scale DLT panels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both small-scale and large-scale DLT panels could be fabricated with high accuracy, which is required for ensuring an effective pressed-in system.

    “It was observed that both small-scale and large-scale DLT panels could be fabricated with high accuracy, which is required for ensuring an effective pressed-in system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The small-scale DLT specimens were tested only non-destructively, i.e., they were not loaded to failure.

    “It should be noted that the specimens were tested only non-destructively, i.e., they were not loaded to failure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reducing the amount of processing and assessment needed to use salvaged timber can make such resources more profitable and, therefore, more attractive to the timber sector.

    “Reducing the amount of processing and assessment needed to use salvaged timber can make such resources more profitable and, therefore, more attractive to the timber sector.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Due to the large natural variability of the mechanical properties of timber and the duration of load effect, quantification of aging phenomena is difficult, and results of studies on the subject vary largely.

    “Due to the large natural variability of the mechanical properties of timber [19,20] and the DOL effect, the quantification of the aging phenomena is difficult, and therefore, the results of the studies on the subject vary largely.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Isaksson, T. (1999). Modelling the Variability of Bending Strength in Structural Timber-Length and Load Configuration Effects. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Lund University].
    • cites [20] Fink, G., and Köhler, J. (2011). Multiscale variability of stiffness properties of timber boards. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, Taylor & Francis Group. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Additional processing and the use of synthetic glues can affect the sustainability aspects and increase the cost of reusing salvaged timber elements.

    “However, the additional processing and the use of synthetic glues can affect the sustainability aspects and increase the cost of reusing salvaged timber elements.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “This increases the costs of reusing such materials, which makes them even less attractive to the timber sector.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisereasoning

    Quantification of the mechanical properties of salvaged timber is an important challenge.

    “In addition to length limitation, quantification of the mechanical properties is an important challenge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The fabrication process, size, and minimum spacing of the salvaged plywood tenons were based on Derikvand et al. [3].

    “The fabrication process, size, and minimum spacing of the salvaged plywood tenons were based on Derikvand et al. [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Derikvand et al. [3] Derikvand, 2021, Mechanical Properties of Dowel Laminated Timber Beams with Connectors Made of Salvaged Wooden Materials, J. Archit. Eng. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In practice, DLT products are normally fabricated with new full-scale timber boards using wooden dowels.

    “In practice, DLT products are normally fabricated with new (full-scale) timber boards using wooden dowels see [23,24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] AFTB (2022, June 20). Towards Adhesive-Free Timber Buildings (AFTB)-Interreg North-West Europe. Available online: https://www.nweurope.eu/projects/project-search/towards-adhesive-free-timber-buildings-aftb/.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] StructureCraft (2022, June 20). Dowel Laminated Timber—The All Wood Panel-Mass Timber Design Guide. Available online: https://structurecraft.com/blog/dowel-laminated-timber-design-guide-and-profile-handbook.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The localized cracks were assumed to result from uneven impact forces due to hammering on different areas of the salvaged timber elements.

    “The cracks were assumed to result from uneven impact forces due to hammering on different areas of the salvaged timber elements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Overall, the results demonstrated a good potential for the proposed approach, which can enable the effective reuse of short, salvaged timber elements in DLT fabrication without the need for excessive processing or gluing.

    “Overall, the results demonstrated a good potential for the proposed approach, which can enable the effective reuse of short, salvaged timber elements in DLT fabrication without the need for excessive processing or gluing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to the length difference between the inserted timber elements and the voids, some prestressing effect could also be assumed, but confirmation of this requires further investigation.

    “Furthermore, due to the length difference between the inserted timber elements and the voids, some prestressing effect could also be assumed; however, confirmation of this requires further investigations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The system's independence from the strength properties of the salvaged timber elements could be beneficial for a practical application of the system, since the strength properties of salvaged timber are typically unknown.

    “This could be beneficial for a practical application of the system since the strength properties of salvaged timber are typically unknown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The strength properties of salvaged timber are typically unknown.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because the salvaged timber elements are not exposed to considerable tension stress due to the absence of end-to-end joining, the tension stress is predominantly resisted by the full-scale boards, which leads to failure initiation in the full-scale boards.

    “as they are not exposed to considerable tension stress due to the absence of end-to-end joining.Therefore, the tension stress is predominantly resisted by the full-scale boards, which leads to failure initiation in the full-scale boards.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The actual load-carrying capacity of the small-scale DLT panels was not measured because the specimens were needed for subsequent trials.

    “It should be noted that the actual load-carrying capacity was not measured, as the specimens were needed for subsequent trials afterward, but it is expected that the chosen load range is smaller than given in EN 408 [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The fabrication time can be significantly reduced relative to the reported estimate, which relates to prototyping, inexperienced staff and conventional woodworking equipment.

    “Therefore, it can be assumed that the fabrication time can be significantly reduced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A small load level at 0.4 × Fc was selected for the small-scale tests in order to ensure that no unexpected damages would occur.

    “A small load level at 0.4 × F c was selected for the tests in order to ensure that no unexpected damages would occur, where F c is the load that corresponds to the characteristic value of the bending strength of two layers of full-scale timber boards.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The chosen load range for the small-scale tests is expected to be smaller than given in EN 408.

    “It should be noted that the actual load-carrying capacity was not measured, as the specimens were needed for subsequent trials afterward, but it is expected that the chosen load range is smaller than given in EN 408 [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2010). Timber Structures–Structural Timber and Glued Laminated Timber–Determination of some Physical and Mechanical Properties, CEN. EN 408.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For the first specimen tested in Stage B, a lower load range was applied during the test, but it was adjusted for the other specimens.

    “Note: for the first specimen tested in Stage B, a lower load range was applied during the test, but it was adjusted for the other specimens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increase in the bending stiffness values may have resulted from the compression resistance provided by the salvaged timber elements.

    “The increase in the stiffness values may have resulted from the compression resistance provided by the salvaged timber elements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Short salvaged timber elements often have length limitations that make their reuse in structural products require additional processing or end-to-end joining.

    “Salvaged timber elements often have length limitations, and therefore, their reuse in structural products normally would require additional processing and end-to-end joining.”
    “For example, most often, length limitation is one of the important challenges of reusing salvaged timber.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The original strength class, load history, environmental exposure, and transport and storage conditions of salvaged timber might be unknown.

    “Nevertheless, the original strength class, the load history, the environmental exposure, and the transport and storage conditions of salvaged timber might be unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The strength properties of salvaged timber are typically unknown.

    “since the strength properties of salvaged timber are typically unknown.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Giordano et al. develop a strategy for combining short salvaged timber boards with new timber in DLT assemblies which does not require end-to-end joining.

    “Giordano et al. develop a strategy for combining short salvaged timber boards with new timber in DLT assemblies which does not require endto-end joining (Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023).”

    From A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs (2025) · cites this paper as Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023

  • Several studies have shown the potential of including reclaimed wood in cross-laminated timber (CLT) and dowel-laminated timber (DLT) products.

    “Several studies have shown the potential of including reclaimed wood in these products, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) (Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020;Llana et al. 2022) and dowel-laminated timber DOI: 10.1201/9781003658641-8 (DLT) (Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023).”

    From A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs (2025) · cites this paper as Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023

  • The development of engineered mass timber products which incorporate salvaged wood demonstrates the potential of repurposing construction waste for new structural uses.

    “The development of engineered mass timber products which incorporate salvaged wood demonstrates the potential of repurposing construction waste for new structural uses (Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020;Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023;Llana et al. 2022;Rose et al. 2018;Asa et al. 2024).”

    From A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs (2025) · cites this paper as Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023

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Authors
Giordano, L., Derikvand, M., & Fink, G.
Affiliations
Aalto University (FI)
Corresponding author
Derikvand, Mohammad
ORCID
Venue
Buildings
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-11
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
199
ISSN
2075-5309 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/buildings13010199
OpenAlex
W4315699574
Semantic Scholar
3420d1e0ea9d02e5cb8799be0267cb1927864009
Cited by
28
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4
FWCI
3.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Buildings (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Aalto-Yliopisto
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Agricultural and Food Sciences
Keywords
wood reuse, bending stiffness, vibration characteristics, natural frequencies, damping ratio, compressive stress, failure modes

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-18.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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