Salvaged lumber for structural mass timber panels: manufacturing and testing
Open accessAbstract
Portland, OR, was the first US city to implement a deconstruction ordinance in 2016. Although salvaged lumber can have a high demand, the market for small-sized lumber from deconstructed dwellings is near saturation. New applications for this material are required for market development, industry diversification, and increasing deconstruction practices. Mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) could be a new market for this material, but presently there is minimal information qualifying the performance of mass timber panels made with salvaged lumber. Three, full-sized 3-ply experimental layups, with varying amounts of salvaged/recycled wood content, were manufactured and tested to characterize panel properties. Manufacturing processes and testing methods followed ANSI/APA PRG 320-2018; Standard for Performance Rated Cross-Laminated Timber. Each panel layup had three replicates for nine panels in total. Panels measured 1.1 m by 2.3 m by 3 plys, and test results were used to calculate the effective flatwise bending moment resistance ((FbS)eff), effective flatwise bending stiffness ((EI)eff) effective shear stiffness in flatwise bending ((GA)eff), flatwise shear resistance (Vs), percent wood failure (WF%), and percent delamination (Delamination %). Results were compared with E3 grade 3-ply CLT panels made in the United States and indicated that salvaged lumber could be used as feedstock for mass timber panels in core layers or all layers. All panel layups passed benchmarks for (FbS)eff and (EI)eff benchmarks with values greater than PRG320. Panels having salvaged lumber in core layer also met Vs benchmarks. Furthermore, all panels passed examination for WF% but struggled to meet delamination requirements. Possibilities exist for better performance if panels were made in a commercial setting. This research shows salvaged lumber has promise for manufacturing structural CLT, but more research and a larger samples size is needed to verify findings.
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Previous research works have demonstrated the feasibility of reusing salvaged timber in fabricating mass-laminated timber products.
“The above research works have demonstrated the feasibility of reusing salvaged timber in fabricating mass-laminated timber products; however, there are challenges that limit the widespread reuse of such materials.”
From Bending Properties and Vibration Characteristics of Dowel-Laminated Timber Panels Made with Short Salvaged Timber Elements (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
In previous studies on salvaged timber in mass-laminated timber products, efficient mechanical properties were reported.
“In all those studies, efficient mechanical properties were reported.”
From Bending Properties and Vibration Characteristics of Dowel-Laminated Timber Panels Made with Short Salvaged Timber Elements (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Several studies have shown the potential of including reclaimed wood in cross-laminated timber (CLT) and dowel-laminated timber (DLT) products.
“Several studies have shown the potential of including reclaimed wood in these products, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) (Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020;Llana et al. 2022) and dowel-laminated timber DOI: 10.1201/9781003658641-8 (DLT) (Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023).”
From A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs (2025) · cites this paper as Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020
The development of engineered mass timber products which incorporate salvaged wood demonstrates the potential of repurposing construction waste for new structural uses.
“The development of engineered mass timber products which incorporate salvaged wood demonstrates the potential of repurposing construction waste for new structural uses (Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020;Giordano, Derikvand, and Fink 2023;Llana et al. 2022;Rose et al. 2018;Asa et al. 2024).”
From A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs (2025) · cites this paper as Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020
Several studies explore the reuse of lumber sourced from deconstruction and recovered timber in CLT structural elements.
“Several studies explore the reuse of lumber sourced from deconstruction and recovered timber in CLT structural elements (Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020;Rose et al. 2018;Llana et al. 2022).”
From A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs (2025) · cites this paper as Arbelaez, Schimleck, and Sinha 2020
Direct use of salvaged timber materials in their solid form without requiring significant processing is still limited.
“Nevertheless, the direct use of salvaged timber materials in their solid form without requiring significant processing is still limited.”
From Bending Properties and Vibration Characteristics of Dowel-Laminated Timber Panels Made with Short Salvaged Timber Elements (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
The Abstract says the market for small salvaged lumber is near saturation and investigates its use in cross-laminated timber panels. It does not address whether direct use of salvaged timber in solid form, without significant processing, is limited; searches for direct reuse and processing found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Cites
Deconstruction of wood-framed houses: Material recovery and environmental impact
Diyamandoglu, V., & Fortuna, L. M. (2015) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.04.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Rose, C. M., Bergsagel, D., Dufresne, T., Unubreme, E., Lyu, T., Duffour, P., & Stegemann, J. A. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10114118 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Engineering properties of douglas-fir lumber reclaimed from deconstructed buildings
Falk, R., Maul, D., Cramer, S., Evans, J., & Herian, V. (2008) · doi:10.2737/fpl-rp-650 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evaluation of Lumber from Deconstructed Portland Residential Buildings
Arbelaez, R., Schimleck, L., Dahllen, J., & Wood, S. (2019) · Wood and Fiber Science · doi:10.22382/wfs-2019-041 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Green D, Evans J (1988) Mechanical properties of visually graded dimension lumber, Vol. 4. Southern pine. Pub. PB-88-159-413. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Karacabeyli E, Douglas B (2013) CLT handbook, U.S. edition. FP Innovations and Binational Softwood Lumber Council, Point-Claire, Quebec.
- Kramer A, Barbosa A, Sinha A (2013) Viability of hybrid poplar in ANSI approved cross-laminated timber applications. J Mater Civil Eng 26(7):06014009.
- Lawrence C (2017) Utilization of low-value lumber from small-diameter timber harvested in Pacific northwest forest restoration programs in hybrid cross laminated timber (CLT) core layers: Technical feasibility. MS thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 112 pp.
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- Vol. 52 No. 2 (2020)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Llana, D. F., González-Alegre, V., Portela, M., & Íñiguez-González, G. (2022) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127635 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes
Llana, D. F., Íñiguez-González, G., Plos, M., & Turk, G. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Giordano, L., Derikvand, M., & Fink, G. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13010199 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pasca, D. P., Aloisio, A., De Santis, Y., Burkart, H., & Øvrum, A. (2025) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119218 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM RECLAIMED HARDWOOD TIMBER
Fernandez Llana, D., González-Alegre, V., Portela, M., García-Navarro, J., & Íñiguez-González, G. (2023) · World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) · doi:10.52202/069179-0468 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
BENDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CLT FROM RECOVERED SPRUCE
Chúláin, C. U., Llana, D. F., Hogan, P., McGetrick, P., & Harte, A. M. (2023) · World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) · doi:10.52202/069179-0121 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Derikvand, M., & Fink, G. (2023) · World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) · doi:10.52202/069179-0092 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A digital circularity approach to leverage waste lumber in dowel-laminated timber slabs
Blowes, R. M., Lee, K. J., Mayencourt, P., Kennedy, S., & Mueller, C. (2025) · Structures and Architecture · doi:10.1201/9781003658641-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nielsen-Roine, K., Semple, K. E., Mokarizadehhaghighishirazi, M., Meyboom, A., & Dai, C. (2026) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-026-03543-3
- Authors
- Arbelaez, R., Schimleck, L., & Sinha, A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon State University (US)
- Venue
- Wood and Fiber Science
- Published
- 2020-04-24
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 178-190
- ISSN
- 0735-6161 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3019419584
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Wood and Fiber Science (publishedVersion)
- Wood and Fiber Science (Society of Wood Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Agricultural and Food Sciences
- Keywords
- deconstruction, cross-laminated timber, recycled wood, shear stiffness, delamination, wood failure, structural performance
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