Practical Implications of Malolactic Fermentation: A Review
Abstract
Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is discussed in terms of its effect on wine quality and methods currently available for its control. Benefits of MLF include the lowering of acidity in high acid wines, enhancement of sensory characteristics through bacterial activity, and enhanced microbiological stability. Undesirable effects include the excessive reduction in acidity of high pH wines leading to risk of spoilage, production of undesirable flavors, color changes, and formation of amines. Methods of control involve stimulation of indigenous flora, inoculation of bacteria (either pure cultures or from wines already undergoing MLF), use of immobilized bacterial cells or enzymes, and practical measures to inhibit bacterial growth.
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At around 1-4 mg/L, depending on the style and type of wine, diacetyl is considered to contribute a desirable 'buttery' or 'butterscotch' flavour.
“At around 1-4 mg/L, however, depending on the style and type of wine, it is considered to contribute a desirable 'buttery' or 'butterscotch' flavour.”
From Yeast and bacterial modulation of wine aroma and flavour (2005) · cites this paper as Davis et al. 1985
When present at a high concentration (exceeding 5-7 mg/L) in wine, diacetyl is regarded by many to be undesirable.
“When present at a high concentration (exceeding 5-7 mg/L) in wine, diacetyl is regarded by many to be undesirable (Rankine et al. 1969, Davis et al. 1985).”
From Yeast and bacterial modulation of wine aroma and flavour (2005) · cites this paper as Davis et al. 1985
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- Authors
- Davis, C. R., Wibowo, D., Eschenbruch, R., Lee, T. H., & Fleet, G. H.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 290-301
- ISSN
- 0002-9254 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2340148085
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Enology and Viticulture (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Horticultural and Viticultural Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Biochemical and biochemical processes
- Keywords
- malolactic fermentation, wine quality, wine acidity, wine spoilage, sensory properties, microbiological stability, lactic acid bacteria, bacterial inoculation, immobilized bacterial cells, amine formation, wine pH
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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