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Toward a Meta-Theory of Creativity Forms: How Novelty and Usefulness Shape Creativity
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Creativity has long been defined in terms of novelty and usefulness. Surprisingly, however, there is relatively little agreement about the precise meaning of either dimension, the relationship between them, or the process through which they are produced. In this paper, we explore how novelty and usefulness have been used explicitly and implicitly in the creativity literature to reveal three ways to understand the definitional constructs. We propose that these three understandings give rise to distinct but interrelated forms of creativity: creativity as maximization, creativity as balance, and creativity as integration. Each form provides a different way of answering the question: what is creativity? We further theorize that the forms are shaped by the distal relations between novelty and usefulness, context, and process. Fundamentally, our theory suggests that developing a creative outcome for a distant alternative reality is a different form of creativity than developing an idea grounded in the present, so that as creators move through space and time, they also move through different forms of creativity. Our meta-theory furthers our understanding of creativity by revealing the centrality of usefulness in defining creativity; opening up the dynamics of the creative process; and highlighting interdependencies between ideas and context.
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“The most widely accepted framework evaluates innovation across two primary dimensions: novelty and usefulness (Amabile, 1982; Doshi and Hauser, 2024; Harvey and Berry, 2022).”
From AI-assisted design synthesis and human creativity in engineering education (2026) · cites this paper as Harvey and Berry, 2022
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“Creativity is typically assessed across two dimensions: novelty and usefulness (11, 12).”
From Generative artificial intelligence enhances creativity but reduces the diversity of novel content (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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Rouse, E. D. (2025) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2024.0418
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Meek, S. R., & Tietz, M. A. (2026) · International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/02662426251395556
“Opportunity quality is often measured as one construct despite evidence of distinct quality components that may co-exist, such as the nov-elty and usefulness of opportunities (Harvey and Berry, 2023; Sullivan and Ford, 2010).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Harvey, S., & Berry, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Academy of Management Review
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 504-529
- ISSN
- 0363-7425 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-3807
- OpenAlex
- W4221038577
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 10
- FWCI
- 18.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Academy of Management Review (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Keywords
- creativity, novelty, usefulness, creativity theory, creative process, idea generation
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