Cited by 307Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

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Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease

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Laws, Keith R, Irvine, Karen, Gale, Tim M·2016·World Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54PMC PMC4804268

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Abstract

Sex differences in neurocognitive abilities have been extensively explored both in the healthy population and in many disorders. Until recently, however, little work has examined such differences in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is despite clear evidence that AD is more prevalent in women, and converging lines of evidence from brain imaging, post-mortem analyses, hormone therapy and genetics suggesting that AD affects men and women differently. We provide an overview of evidence attesting to the poorer cognitive profiles in women than in men at the same stage of AD. Indeed, men significantly outperform women in several cognitive domains, including: Language and semantic abilities, visuospatial abilities and episodic memory. These differences do not appear to be attributable to any differences in age, education, or dementia severity. Reasons posited for this female disadvantage include a reduction of estrogen in postmenopausal women, greater cognitive reserve in men, and the influence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. Assessment of cognitive abilities contributes to the diagnosis of the condition and thus, it is crucial to identify the role of sex differences if potentially more accurate diagnoses and treatments are to emerge.

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Additional file 1 of Prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment in an elder Portuguese population (65–85 years old)
Pais, R., Ruano, L., Moreira, C., Carvalho, O. P., & Barros, H. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13245886
Additional file 2 of Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (EPAD) cohort
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Additional file 1 of Cognitive performance trends among European older adults: exploring variations across cohorts, gender, and educational levels (2007–2017)
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Additional file 1 of Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (EPAD) cohort
Saleh, R. N. M., Hornberger, M., Ritchie, C. W., & Minihane, A. M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22616059
Additional file 3 of Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (EPAD) cohort
Saleh, R. N. M., Hornberger, M., Ritchie, C. W., & Minihane, A. M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22616065
Additional file 1 of Associations between sex, body mass index and the individual microglial response in Alzheimer’s disease
Biechele, G., Rauchmann, B.-S., Janowitz, D., Büerger, K., Franzmeier, N., Weidinger, E., Guersel, S., Schuster, S., Finze, A., Harris, S., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25052172
Sex differences in neuromodulatory subcortical systems and their implications for Alzheimer's disease
Rae, R. J., Alberhasky, J. M. H., Baillet, M., Bangasser, D. A., Belloy, M. E., Berry, A. S., Berteotti, C., Bow, H., Buckley, R. F., Caldwell, J. K., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71291 · Cited by 2
Sex-dependent grey matter atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease progression
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Study of the involvement of brain tryptophan metabolism in obesity-induced memory deficits
Mezo‐González, C. E. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d788c1bfz3965z4981za000z9c3f9f464001

Authors: Laws, K. R., Irvine, K., & Gale, T. M.
Affiliations: University of Hertfordshire (GB)
Corresponding author: Laws, Keith R
ORCID: Laws, Keith R
Irvine, Karen
Gale, Tim M
Venue: World Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Published: 2016
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 54
ISSN: 2220-3206 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54
PMC: PMC4804268
OpenAlex: W2328745627
Cited by: 307
References: 145
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 3.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: World Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion)
University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, cognitive impairment, women, estrogen, postmenopausal women, cognitive reserve, APOE ε4, episodic memory, visuospatial ability, dementia diagnosis

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Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease

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