Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain
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Significance: Sex differences are of high scientific and societal interest because of their prominence in behavior of humans and nonhuman species. This work is highly significant because it studies a very large population of 949 youths (8–22 y, 428 males and 521 females) using the diffusion-based structural connectome of the brain, identifying novel sex differences. The results establish that male brains are optimized for intrahemispheric and female brains for interhemispheric communication. The developmental trajectories of males and females separate at a young age, demonstrating wide differences during adolescence and adulthood. The observations suggest that male brains are structured to facilitate connectivity between perception and coordinated action, whereas female brains are designed to facilitate communication between analytical and intuitive processing modes.
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The number of streamlines (NOS) is a widely used measure to quantify connectivity strength.
“The number of streamlines (NOS) is one widely used measure to quantify the connectivity strength (Hagmann et al., 2008b; Ingalhalikar et al., 2014; Roberts et al., 2016; Sporns et al., 2005; van Dellen et al., 2018).”
From Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review (2022) · cites this paper as Ingalhalikar et al., 2014
In Materials and Methods (page not provided), the paper uses the number of tracked fibers reaching a target region to calculate a connectivity weight and notes that similar measures appear in previous studies. Its measure is a scaled probability, however, not the raw number of streamlines; the passage therefore does not establish that NOS itself is widely used to quantify connectivity strength. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe most popular scalar value for connectivity matrix analysis is the NOS, where higher values are considered to indicate stronger connectivity between pairs of gray matter regions.
“The most popular scalar value for connectivity matrix analysis is the NOS (Hagmann et al., 2008b; Ingalhalikar et al., 2014; Roberts et al., 2016; Sporns et al., 2005; van Dellen et al., 2018), where higher values are considered to indicate stronger connectivity between pairs of gray matter regions.”
From Quantitative mapping of the brain’s structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography: A review (2022) · cites this paper as Ingalhalikar et al., 2014
Materials and Methods (page unavailable) describes a connectivity matrix derived from streamline counts, with higher connection weights treated as greater connectivity. It does not identify the number of streamlines (NOS) as the most popular scalar value; its own matrix entries are scaled pathway probabilities rather than raw streamline counts. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a study of 37 young adults with CAH, alterations in grey matter structure, including the middle frontal gyrus and the parietal and superior occipital cortex were found in CAH patients compared to controls.
“In a study of 37 young adults with CAH, alterations in grey matter structure, including the middle frontal gyrus and the parietal and superior occipital cortex were found in CAH patients compared to controls (696).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [696]
The Results describe a cohort of 949 healthy subjects studied for sex differences in structural connectivity, not a comparison of 37 young adults with CAH and controls. Searches for CAH, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and the claimed grey-matter regions found no passage addressing that finding. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese regions play a role in visuospatial working memory and patients performed worse in visuospatial working memory tasks.
“These regions play a role in visuospatial working memory and patients performed worse in visuospatial working memory tasks.”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [696]
The Discussion reports sex differences in spatial memory performance among youths, not poorer visuospatial working-memory performance in patients. The passages on regional connectivity do not establish that the unspecified regions play a role in visuospatial working memory. Searches for patients and visuospatial working memory found no passage addressing either part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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A Review of the Status of Brain Structure Research in Transsexualism
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What Can We Learn from Sex Differences in MS?
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Tensor Regression NetworksPreprint
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Sex differences in the human visual system
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- Authors
- Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A., Parker, D., Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Hakonarson, H., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., & Verma, R.
- Affiliations
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis and
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2013-12-02
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 823-828
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3896179
- OpenAlex
- W2009872283
- Cited by
- 1,223
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 147 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 60.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (K23MH098130)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC2MH089983, MH079938, MH089983, K23MH098130, R01MH079938, MH089924, RC2MH089924, MH092862, R01MH092862)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Keywords
- sex differences, structural connectome, brain connectivity, brain development, diffusion tensor imaging, cerebellar connections, interhemispheric connectivity, network modularity, transitivity, adolescents, youth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Linear Models, Young Adult, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Connectome
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