Views of Aboriginal People in Northern Ontario on Ontario’s approach to Aboriginal values in forest management planning

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In ecosystem management, humans and human values are embedded in nature and human values are integral to the management goals.

“in ecosystem management humans and human values are embedded in nature (Christensen et al. 1996, Grumbine 1994) and human values are integral to the management goals (Grumbine 1994).”

• cites Christensen et al. 1996 sourcePartly supported

  In “Humans as Ecosystem Components,” the paper says that all conceptualizations of ecosystem management include humans as part of ecosystems, supporting the claim about humans being embedded in nature. It does not clearly make the further claim that human values are embedded in nature. The statement about values being integral to management goals is cited to Grumbine alone, so it is not judged against Christensen et al. (LLM, conf=0.81)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Grumbine 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

One of the main components of ecosystem management is the acknowledgment that humans are part of ecosystems and hence the need for incorporation of human activities and values into ecosystem management.

“One of the main components of ecosystem management is the acknowledgment that humans are part of ecosystems and hence the need for incorporation of human activities and values into ecosystem management (Grumbine 1994, Christensen et al. 1996).”

• cites Grumbine 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Christensen et al. 1996 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants indicated that values should be treated holistically and not as isolated places or points.

“Participants indicated that values should be treated holistically and not as isolated places or points.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A participant from Stanjikoming stated that a local paper mill dam in Fort Frances raised the water levels, which flooded burial sites, and disrupted wild-rice growing areas, muskrat trapping, fish spawning areas, and duck feeding areas.

“a participant from Stanjikoming stated that a local paper mill dam in Fort Frances raised the water levels, which flooded burial sites, and disrupted wild-rice growing areas, muskrat trapping, fish spawning areas, and duck feeding areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A participant cited a clearcut around another community member's trapping cabin and described it as taking away livelihood and culture.

“Example: a participant cited a clearcut around another community member's trapping cabin and described it as taking away livelihood and culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants talked about the decrease in fish stocks and disappearance of caribou.

“Participants talked about the decrease in fish stocks and disappearance of caribou.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants stated that the concept of Aboriginal values in FMP is not completely clear and individual values are not sufficiently defined.

“Participants stated that the concept of Aboriginal values in FMP is not completely clear and individual values are not sufficiently defined.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants acknowledged the existence of FMP Information Centres, but said that these centres are poorly attended.

“Participants acknowledged the existence of FMP Information Centres, but said that these centres are poorly attended.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants depicted historical use of land by Aboriginal people.

“When describing values, some participants depicted historical use of land by Aboriginal people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants indicated that many different places can be defined as sacred or spiritual sites, and that these 2 terms can be used interchangeably.

“Participants indicated that many different places (e.g., a burial site) can be defined as sacred or spiritual sites, and that these 2 terms can be used interchangeably.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants from a particular community commented that riparian buffers of 30 m, commonly applied in forest management, are not wide enough for moose, which prefer habitats close to water.

“Example: participants from a particular community commented that riparian buffers of 30 m, commonly applied in forest management, are not wide enough for moose, which prefer habitats close to water.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants emphasized the importance of values mapping and community involvement in the values identification process, but also expressed frustration with the current process.

“Participants emphasized the importance of values mapping and community involvement in the values identification process, but also expressed frustration with the current process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants from 2 communities stated that campsites and burial sites have usually been located along rivers.

“Example: participants from 2 communities stated that campsites and burial sites have usually been located along rivers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A participant stated that avenues for involvement such as Information Centres are available, and that forestry companies are willing to accommodate Aboriginal concerns.

“An exception to this was a participant who stated that avenues for involvement such as Information Centres are available, and that forestry companies are willing to accommodate Aboriginal concerns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants from 2 communities pointed out that elders in the communities are keepers of the information on Aboriginal values.

“Example: participants from 2 communities pointed out that elders in the communities are keepers of the information on Aboriginal values.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A participant stated that burial sites are visible by nature and, while they should be respected and not disturbed, confidentiality does not play a major role in their protection.

“The exception to these responses was a participant who stated that burial sites are visible by nature and, while they should be respected and not disturbed, confidentiality does not play a major role in their protection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants from 2 communities suggested that a 120-m buffer around a cabin might be an appropriate level of protection for a recreational cottage, but that the main purpose of building a trapper's cabin is to trap in a particular area, requiring a protection of a larger area than a 120-m buffer.

“Example: participants from 2 communities suggested that a 120-m buffer around a cabin might be an appropriate level of protection for a recreational cottage, but that the main purpose of building a trapper's cabin is to trap in a particular area, requiring a protection of a larger area than a 120-m buffer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants expressed the need to maintain larger riparian buffers, leave more trees, and protect specific habitats for species such as moose, caribou, and marten.

“Participants expressed the need to maintain larger riparian buffers, leave more trees, and protect specific habitats for species such as moose, caribou, and marten.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants from a community stated that buffers along the rivers should be wider than the commonly set 30-m buffers in order to include the protection of the burial sites that cannot be precisely located and to serve as a visual protection.

“Example: participants from a community stated that buffers along the rivers should be wider than the commonly set 30-m buffers in order to include the protection of the burial sites that cannot be precisely located and to serve as a visual protection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants pointed out that values mapping helps in transferring information about values between generations.

“Example: a participant pointed out that values mapping helps in transferring information about values between generations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants spoke about a need to have wider buffers around navigable water bodies that would protect the possible burial sites, provide shelter for wildlife, and serve as a visual protection from clearcuts for water travelers.

“The participants spoke about a need to have wider buffers around navigable water bodies that would protect the possible burial sites, provide shelter for wildlife, and serve as a visual protection from clearcuts for water travelers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A participant from Lac des Mille Lacs pointed out that the damming of the Seine River caused flooding on the reserve and eventual abandonment of it.

“a participant from Lac des Mille Lacs pointed out that the damming of the Seine River caused flooding on the reserve and eventual abandonment of it”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants spoke about the attachment of Aboriginal people to the land and the responsibility to protect what previous generations have protected.

“Participants spoke about the attachment of Aboriginal people to the land and the responsibility to protect what previous generations have protected.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data analysis-generated themes were grouped into seven categories: values definition, impacts on values, value protection, values process, trapper's cabin, burial site and spiritual site.

“Data analysis-generated themes were grouped in categories as shown in Table 2. Seven categories were formed, each with its own themes: values definition, impacts on values, value protection, values process, trapper's cabin, burial site and spiritual site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants pointed out that a 120-m buffer surrounded by a clearcut area would expose the cabin to more wind.

“Some participants pointed out that a 120-m buffer surrounded by a clearcut area would expose the cabin to more wind.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants told about the disappearance of some customs, such as snowshoe-making, and the revival of some ceremonies, such as pow-wows and sweat lodges.

“Participants told about the disappearance of some customs, such as snowshoe-making, and the revival of some ceremonies, such as pow-wows and sweat lodges.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants told of the pointlessness of getting involved in values protection because their comments and complaints would get ignored.

“Participants told of the pointlessness of getting involved in values protection because their comments and complaints would get ignored.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A participant stated that a 120-m buffer protects the cabin from the wind.

“An exception to this was a participant who stated that a 120-m buffer protects the cabin from the wind.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants spoke about a need for the confidentiality of value locations in situations where values are conspicuous when left buffered in a clearcut area.

“Also, participants spoke about a need for the confidentiality of value locations in situations where values are conspicuous when left buffered in a clearcut area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants from 2 communities pointed out that everything in nature is a spiritual site.

“Example: participants from 2 communities pointed out that everything in nature is a spiritual site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants stated that having a 120-m buffer surrounded by a clearcut area would result in a shortage of firewood.

“Participants stated that having a 120-m buffer surrounded by a clearcut area would result in a shortage of firewood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some participants stated that they were told by their families about the general area of a burial site and to avoid the site; others stated that they have visited burial sites.

“Some participants stated that they were told by their families about the general area of a burial site and to avoid the site; others stated that they have visited burial sites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants pointed out that because of the culture of burying deceased people at the location on the land where they happened to die, the burial sites are scattered throughout the land, but because Aboriginal people were strongly connected to the rivers and lakes, most of the burial sites are along waterways.

“Participants pointed out that because of the culture of burying deceased people at the location on the land where they happened to die, the burial sites are scattered throughout the land, but because Aboriginal people were strongly connected to the rivers and lakes, most of the burial sites are along waterways.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants talked about impacts on burial sites such as looting and shoreline and overall harvesting.

“Participants talked about impacts such as looting and shoreline and overall harvesting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A participant stated that visiting a spiritual site makes him feel Indian again.

“Example: a participant stated that visiting a spiritual site makes him feel Indian again.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some participants stated that they perform ceremonies such as tobacco offerings, sweat lodges, and fasting, while others stated that they do not use spiritual sites.

“Some participants stated that they perform ceremonies such as tobacco offerings, sweat lodges, and fasting, while others stated that they do not use spiritual sites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A participant stated that a 120-m buffer around a spiritual site is adequate.

“An exception was a participant who stated that a 120-m buffer around a spiritual site is adequate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Participants said that the main goal should be the protection of the shores of navigable waterways where there are probably many burial sites, many of them with unknown locations.

“Participants said that the main goal should be the protection of the shores of navigable waterways where there are probably many burial sites, many of them with unknown locations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants stated that some burial sites mark large area battlegrounds from historic wars between various Aboriginal Peoples where many people died.

“Participants stated that some burial sites mark large area battlegrounds from historic wars between various Aboriginal Peoples where many people died.”

May combine two claims.

Participants did not agree that the term Aboriginal values as such should be used in the FMP or that the geographic scope of Aboriginal values is sufficient.

“Nevertheless, this did not mean that participants agreed that the term Aboriginal values as such should be used in the FMP or that the geographic scope of Aboriginal values is sufficient.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A participant stated that a buffer around a trapper's cabin should be at least 500 m and that the harvest around the buffer should be a selection cut, not clearcut.

“Example: a participant stated that a buffer around a trapper's cabin should be at least 500 m and that the harvest around the buffer should be a selection cut, not clearcut.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A participant stated that she at first goes to one general area to perform a spiritual ceremony and then chooses the exact location for the ceremony within that general area.

“Example: a participant stated that she at first goes to one general area to perform a spiritual ceremony and then chooses the exact location for the ceremony within that general area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Spiritual sites were described as either having a permanent location, or as a general area within which a spiritual site location is selected every year, or as having no predetermined location.

“Spiritual sites were described as either having a permanent location, or as a general area within which a spiritual site location is selected every year, or as having no predetermined location.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants' proposals for protecting a trapper's cabin included a larger buffer, design of a protective area specific to the local circumstances, or a selection cut rather than a clearcut around a buffer.

“Participants' proposals included a larger buffer, design of a protective area specific to the local circumstances, or a selection cut rather than a clearcut around a buffer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The general location or exact position of many burial sites is not known to Aboriginal people.

“However, the general location or exact position of many of these burial sites is not known to Aboriginal people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants stated that a 120-m buffer is not adequate because the area around a spiritual site should be undisturbed and left natural.

“Participants stated that a 120-m buffer is not adequate because the area around a spiritual site should be undisturbed and left natural.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suggested measures of protection for spiritual sites were riparian buffers, preservation of ceremonial plants, and preservation of naturalness.

“Suggested measures of protection were riparian buffers, preservation of ceremonial plants, and preservation of naturalness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants told about the cultural significance of spiritual sites and their importance to Aboriginal identity.

“Participants told about the cultural significance of spiritual sites and their importance to Aboriginal identity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to the responses, spiritual sites can have a permanent location, or their location can be chosen within a defined general area during a ceremony, or can be chosen impulsively within the whole traditional use area of a community.

“According to the responses, spiritual sites can have a permanent location, or their location can be chosen within a defined general area during a ceremony, or can be chosen impulsively within the whole traditional use area of a community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Responses regarding the protection of a trapper's cabin indicated that the modelled 120-m buffer was seen as an insufficient protection measure, but also that there was no generally agreed upon protection measure.

“Responses regarding the protection of a trapper's cabin indicated that the modelled 120-m buffer was seen as an insufficient protection measure, but also that there was no generally agreed upon protection measure.”

May combine two claims.

Participants frequently referred to the models when explaining their opinions and asked for the viewer camera to be moved in the model's 3-dimensional space and show treatment areas from different angles.

“They frequently referred to the models when explaining their opinions and asked for the viewer camera to be moved in the model's 3-dimensional space and show treatment areas from different angles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Ontario, the concept of non-timber values in FMP can be dated back to 1986 and the Timber Management Planning Manual for Crown Lands in Ontario.

“In Ontario, this concept of non-timber values in FMP can be dated back to 1986 and the Timber Management Planning Manual for Crown Lands in Ontario (Lawson et al. 2001).”

• cites Lawson et al. 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Forest management in Ontario is moving in the direction of ecosystem management.

“Forest management in Ontario is moving in the direction of ecosystem management (OMNR 1994, OMNR 2003: 35)”

• cites OMNR 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites OMNR 2003: 35Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The geographically defined values in FMP represent a narrow segment of overall human values as described by Rokeach (1971).

“The geographically defined values in FMP, however, represent a narrow segment of overall human values as described in, for example, a seminal work on human values by Rokeach (1971).”

• cites Rokeach (1971)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Qualitative research methods, specifically focus groups and open-ended interviews, have already been used to study people's perceptions about landscapes and their changes.

“Qualitative research methods, specifically focus groups and open-ended interviews, have already been used to study people's perceptions about landscapes and their changes (Enyong et al. 1999, Kaplowitz 2000, Dutcher et al. 2004, Gobster and Rickenbach 2004).”

• cites Enyong et al. 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kaplowitz 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dutcher et al. 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Theme analysis and the creation of categories were carried out by constantly referencing the themes back to their original segments and contexts.

“Theme analysis and the creation of categories were carried out by constantly referencing the themes back to their original segments and contexts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Landscape visualization has been used to study Aboriginal people's perceptions of the landscape changes caused by forest management.

“Specifically, landscape visualization has been used to study Aboriginal people's perceptions of the landscape changes caused by forest management (Lewis and Sheppard 2005).”

• cites Lewis and Sheppard 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Four focus groups is a number that satisfies recommendations for 3 or 4 focus groups per research project, made by Morgan (1988, p. 42) and Stewart and Shamdasani (1990, p.58).

“Four focus groups, as shown in Table 1, is a number that satisfies recommendations for 3 or 4 focus groups per research project, made by Morgan (1988, p. 42) and Stewart and Shamdasani (1990, p.58).”

• cites Morgan (1988, p. 42)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Stewart and Shamdasani (1990, p.58)Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Aboriginal peoples' concepts of values have often been described as more holistic, intimately connected to the land, and thus culturally and spiritually based.

“On the other hand, Aboriginal peoples' concepts of values have often been described as more holistic, intimately connected to the land, and thus culturally and spiritually based.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For many Aboriginal cultures, all land is sacred and thus imbued with value.

“For many Aboriginal cultures, all land is sacred and thus imbued with value (Gulliford 2000, McGregor 2000, Lewis and Sheppard 2005).”

• cites Gulliford 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites McGregor 2000Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lewis and Sheppard 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The geographic location of the landscape visualization models was not known to the participants.

“The models were used as representations of typical boreal settings and their geographic location was not known to the participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Informed Consent form was needed for the research to meet the criteria of ethical research set out in the Ethics Procedures and Guidelines for Research Involving Humans, by the Lakehead University Research Ethics Board, the Tri-Council Policy Statement and the Ethical Guidelines for Research involving Aboriginal people.

“This form was also needed for the research to meet the criteria of ethical research, set out in the Ethics Procedures and Guidelines for Research Involving Humans, by the Lakehead University Research Ethics Board (Research Ethics Board 2004), the Tri-Council Policy Statement (Tri-Council 1998) and in particular, the Ethical Guidelines for Research involving Aboriginal”

• cites Research Ethics Board 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tri-Council 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites RCAP 1996a: Appendix ENot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The FMP Manual's definition of Aboriginal values as locations of natural resource features, land uses, and values used by or of importance to Aboriginal communities narrows Aboriginal values to geographic places rather than considering the full range of values of Aboriginal people.

“This type of definition narrows Aboriginal values to geographic places rather than considering the full range of values of Aboriginal people.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Neither the old nor the new forest management guide provides definitions of or measures to protect specific Aboriginal values.

“However, neither the old nor the new guide provides definitions of or measures to protect specific Aboriginal values.”

• cites OMNR 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites OMNR 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many Aboriginal customs and cultural practices have been reduced or have disappeared altogether, partly due to federal and provincial policies regarding natural resources, relocation practices, and assimilation policies.

“Many customs and cultural practices have been reduced or have disappeared altogether, which in the case of Aboriginal culture is, in part, due to federal and provincial federal policies regarding the use of natural resources (Usher 1996), practices of relocation, and policies of assimilation (RCAP 1996b).”

• cites Usher 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites RCAP 1996bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The caribou range has historically shrunk towards the north, north of current forest management activities.

“Schaefer (2003) notes the historical shrinkage of the caribou range towards the north, north of current forest management activities.”

• cites Schaefer 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There have been reports of local significant fish stock reductions in recent history, including one documented for Rainy Lake near Stanjikoming First Nation.

“There have been, though, reports of local significant fish stock reductions in recent history, with one of them documented by Meadows (1993) for Rainy Lake, near Stanjikoming First Nation.”

• cites Meadows 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Relocations can have profound effects on land use, social relations, and the culture of Aboriginal communities, including causing a disruption of the transfer of cultural knowledge between generations.

“RCAP (1996d) stated that relocations can have profound effects on land use, social relations, and the culture of Aboriginal communities, including causing a disruption of the transfer of cultural knowledge between generations.”

• cites RCAP 1996dNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Even when Aboriginal sites are clearly historical, they are as important today as they were at the time of their creation.

“Even when Aboriginal sites are clearly historical, they are as important today as they were at the time of their creation (Gulliford 2000, p. 2).”

• cites Gulliford 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Moose use clearcuts for browsing, although their presence during winter declines in clearcuts larger than 50 ha.

“Moose, on the other hand, use clearcuts for browsing (Parker andMorton 1978, Lautenschlager andVoigt 2001), although their presence during winter declines in the clearcuts larger than 50 ha (Parker and Morton 1978).”

• cites Parker and Morton 1978 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lautenschlager and Voigt 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drozda (1995) described frustration expressed by Yupiit people at the attempts by the Yukon government to register their historic sites and cemeteries as isolated locations.

“Drozda (1995) described frustration expressed by Yupiit people at the attempts by the Yukon government to register their historic sites and cemeteries as isolated locations.”

• cites Drozda (1995)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Hydro dams and resulting flooding have negative effects on commercial fisheries, habitat for moose, muskrat, wild rice and ducks, fur animal trapping harvests, and burial sites.

“Negative effects of hydro dams and resulting flooding on commercial fisheries was reported by Rosenberg et al. (1997); on habitat for moose, muskrat, wild rice and ducks by Usher (2003); on fur animals trapping harvests by Green (1992) and Loney (1987); and on burial sites by Tuesday and Tuesday (1998) and Waldram (1988).”

• cites Rosenberg et al. 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Usher 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Green 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Caribou avoid clearcuts, and marten avoid clearcuts.

“Avoidance of clearcuts by caribou has been reported by Smith et al. (2000) and Chubbs et al. (1993) and avoidance of clearcuts by marten by Potvin et al. (2000).”

• cites Smith et al. 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Chubbs et al. 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Potvin et al. 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FMP Manual instructs planning teams to avoid publicizing the location of Aboriginal values on an Aboriginal values map when disclosure can put at risk the conservation of such values.

“This concern is reflected in the FMP Manual, too, which instructs planning teams to avoid publicizing the location of Aboriginal values on an Aboriginal values map when disclosure can put at risk the conservation of such values (OMNR 2004: Part A Section 4.6.1).”

• cites OMNR 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The raising of Rainy Lake near Stanjikoming First Nation by about 2.6 m in 1917 was due to a hydro dam built to supply power to the local pulp mill.

“Holzkamm and Waisberg (2000) noted the raising of Rainy Lake nearby the Stanjikoming First Nation, by about 2.6 m in 1917, due to a hydro dam built to supply power to the local pulp mill.”

• cites Holzkamm and Waisberg 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hydro dam-caused floods led to the abandonment of the Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation reserve.

“Lovisek (1994) described the hydro dam-caused floods that led to the abandonment of the Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation reserve”

• cites Lovisek 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aboriginal people see their rights to the land as bestowed upon them through their relation with the land.

“Aboriginal people see their rights to the land bestowed upon them through their relation with the land (Hedican 1995, p. 112)”

• cites Hedican 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The importance of confidentiality when dealing with Aboriginal values in a publicly open FMP process in Ontario was reported by McGregor.

“The importance of confidentiality when dealing with Aboriginal values in a publicly open FMP process in Ontario was reported by McGregor (2000, p. 111).”

• cites McGregor 2000Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some Aboriginal cultural practices have been reinstated and transformed, such as pow-wow events and traditional boat and canoe building and totem-pole carving.

“some cultural practices have been reinstated and transformed, such as pow-wow events (Frideres 1993, p. 309) or traditional boat and canoe building and totem-pole carving (Rawls 1996).”

• cites Frideres 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rawls 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Traditional Aboriginal knowledge is acquired through personal experiences and oral history passed between generations, and community elders have the role of knowledge repositories.

“Traditional Aboriginal knowledge is acquired through personal experiences and oral history passed between generations (Usher 2000) and community elders have, among others, the role of knowledge repositories (Hamilton et al. 1995, Stiegelbauer 1996).”

• cites Usher 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hamilton et al. 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Stiegelbauer 1996Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Waterways have been traditionally used by Aboriginal people as transportation routes and fishing sources, and their shores were often chosen as preferable locations for both habitation and burial sites.

“With respect to waterways, they have been traditionally used as transportation routes and fishing sources and their shores were often chosen as preferable locations for both habitation and burial sites (Ames 1977, p. 211;Hamilton 2000;Turner et al. 2003).”

• cites Ames 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hamilton 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Turner et al. 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in Ontario to release conifer plants from broadleaf plant competition.

“the most commonly used herbicide in Ontario to release conifer plants from broadleaf plants competition is glyphosate (EA Board 1994, pp. 233-236).”

• cites EA Board 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Elders from the Poplar Point First Nation in northwestern Ontario were told in their youth to stay away from a local sacred site that contains graves and were never told the precise location of the graves.

“documented an explanation by the elders from the Poplar Point First Nation in the northwestern Ontario that in their youth they were told to stay away from a local sacred site that contains graves and were never told the precise location of the graves.”

• cites Hamilton et al. 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aboriginal burial sites are scattered across the landscape.

“Hamilton et al. (1995) stated that Aboriginal burial sites are scattered across the landscape”

• cites Hamilton et al. 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such definitions of Aboriginal values differ from the definition of values offered by The Forest Management Guide for Cultural Heritage Values, which sees cultural heritage values as belonging to the past and being confined to the physical objects that represent them.

“Such definitions of Aboriginal values differ from the definition of values offered by The Forest Management Guide for Cultural Heritage Values, which sees cultural heritage values as belonging to the past and being confined to the physical objects that represent them (OMNR 2007, Section 1.2)”

• cites OMNR 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In recent decades, through the application of Traditional Land Use Occupancy Studies, mapping has started to be accepted by Aboriginal communities and to be valued for its function in storing traditional knowledge.

“In recent decades, through the application of Traditional Land Use Occupancy Studies, mapping has started to be accepted by Aboriginal communities (Freeman 1976, p. 48;Sparke 1998;Chiefs of Ontario 2004) and to be valued for its function in storing traditional knowledge (Horvath et al. 2002).”

• cites Freeman 1976Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sparke 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Chiefs of Ontario 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some Aboriginal people visit burial sites while others avoid them.

“Some Aboriginal people visit burial sites while others avoid them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mapping was historically seen by Aboriginal people as a tool to colonize their land and was used as such.

“Mapping was historically seen by Aboriginal people as a tool to colonize their land (Assembly of First Nations (AFN) 1995: 2) and was used as such (Brealey 1995).”

• cites Assembly of First Nations (AFN) 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Brealey 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

For this reason, Aboriginal people and their values need to be fully included in the FMP.

“For this reason, Aboriginal people and their values need to be fully included in the FMP.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A site can be considered relevant by Aboriginal people even when its appearance might suggest abandonment.

“Also, a site can be considered relevant by Aboriginal people even when its appearance might suggest abandonment (Gulliford 2000, p. 81).”

• cites Gulliford 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In forest management, looting might be exacerbated by an inadvertent release of information through the processes of FMP and forestry operations, or in the field by conspicuous Areas of Concern left as circled buffers in clearcut areas.

“In forest management, looting might be exacerbated by an inadvertent release of information through the processes of FMP and forestry operations, or in the field by conspicuous Areas of Concern left as circled buffers in clearcut areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wind speed gets reduced in the lee of 150 m wide tree windbreaks to about 20% of the open field wind speed, and many rows of trees are not required to effectively reduce wind.

“wind speed gets reduced in the lee of 150 m wide tree windbreaks to about 20% of the open field wind speed (Naegeli 1946, Peri 1998, Flesch and Wilson 1999), and many rows of trees are not required to effectively reduce wind (Heisler and Dewalle 1988).”

• cites Naegeli 1946Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Peri 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Flesch and Wilson 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The location appeal of burial sites likely results in these same sites being targeted today by non-Aboriginal people as camping and cottage sites, leading to potential disturbance and desecration of burial sites.

“The location appeal then likely results in these same sites being targeted today by non-Aboriginal people as camping and cottage sites, leading to potential disturbance and desecration of burial sites.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Aboriginal burial sites have historically been located close to camps and camp locations had similar aesthetic, ground type, and water access appeal throughout history as they have today.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The current Ontario FMP Manual, in effect since 2004, makes more room in the FMP public consultations for the involvement of Aboriginal communities and individual Aboriginal value users in defining Aboriginal values and their protection than its predecessor, the FMP Manual published in 1996.

“The current Ontario FMP Manual, in effect since 2004, makes more room in the FMP public consultations for the involvement of Aboriginal communities and individual Aboriginal value users in defining Aboriginal values and their protection than its predecessor, the FMP Manual published in 1996.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The importance of Aboriginal communities' involvement in designing and carrying out land-use mapping projects and research has been widely emphasized.

“The importance of Aboriginal communities' involvement in designing and carrying out land-use mapping projects and research has been widely emphasized (see Freeman 1976, p. 47;Robinson et al. 1994, pp. 7-8;RCAP 1996a, Appendix E;Tobias 2000, p. 5;Natcher 2001;Horvath et al. 2002).”

• cites Freeman 1976Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Robinson et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites RCAP 1996aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This did not diminish the significance of the sacred site and importance of protecting it.

“Still, this did not diminish the significance of the sacred site and importance of protecting it (Hamilton et al. 1995).”

• cites Hamilton et al. 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is not surprising that waterways are brought into the foreground when it comes to the protection of Aboriginal values.

“It is not surprising, therefore, that waterways are brought into the foreground when it comes to the protection of Aboriginal values.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The value of a trapper's cabin includes the area surrounding the cabin if it is acknowledged that the availability of trapping habitat and firewood, and the provision of wind protection are integral to the cabin's use.

“For instance, the value of a trapper's cabin includes the area surrounding the cabin if it is acknowledged that the availability of trapping habitat and firewood, and the provision of wind protection are integral to the cabin's use.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The main purpose of having a trapper's cabin is to trap in the surrounding trapline and particularly in the immediate area around the trapper's cabin.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If presently there is an absence of customs in using certain spiritual sites, that does not preclude the customs being revived at some point in the future.

“Still, if presently there is an absence of customs in using certain spiritual sites that does not preclude the customs being revived at some point in the future (see the disappearance and revival of culture theme).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Firewood availability as a prerequisite for a camp site location was reported for winter camp sites in a study with the Mistassini Cree and in a cited study with the Wawakapewin First Nation in northern Ontario.

“Firewood availability as a prerequisite for a camp site location was reported by Tanner (1979, p. 38), for winter camp sites in a study with the Mistassini Cree, and by Hamilton (2000) in a cited study with the Wawakapewin First Nation in the northern Ontario.”

• cites Tanner 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hamilton 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Aboriginal people's views and depictions are the pre-eminent source and direction in defining and protecting Aboriginal values in forest management.

“Aboriginal people' s views and depictions are the pre-eminent source and direction in defining and protecting Aboriginal values in forest management.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The traditional worldviews and philosophies of North American Aboriginal people see the whole world, animate and inanimate, imbued with spirits.

“The traditional worldviews and philosophies of North American Aboriginal people see the whole world, animate and inanimate, imbued with spirits (Tanner 1979, p. 92;RCAP 1996d, p. 628;Gulliford 2000, p. 95).”

• cites Tanner 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites RCAP 1996dNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gulliford 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The engagement in discussing Aboriginal values and their protection through the aid of the models was one of the main goals in using the models and to that end their use proved to be justified.

“This engagement in discussing Aboriginal values and their protection through the aid of the models was one of the main goals in using the models and to that end their use proved to be justified.”

May combine two claims.

Spirituality plays a fundamental part in forming Aboriginal culture and identity, and Aboriginal people's relation to the land.

“Thus, spirituality plays a fundamental part in forming Aboriginal culture and identity, and Aboriginal people's relation to the land.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The same is true for cultural sites, such as ceremonial areas.

“The same is true for cultural sites, such as ceremonial areas.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Notions expressed by Aboriginal people that naturalness and natural processes are preferred conditions around sacred sites are cited by Lewis and Gulliford.

“The notions expressed by Aboriginal people that naturalness and natural processes are preferred conditions around the sacred sites are cited by Lewis (2000, p. 200) and Gulliford (2000, p. 117), respectively.”

• cites Lewis 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gulliford 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.