Long-term efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances: one year follow-up
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine at one-year follow-up the efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, as well as to assess any indirect benefits to maternal sleep and confidence.Methods Participants included 171 (64.8%) of 264 mothers of an infant or toddler (ages 18-48 months) who had previously participated in a 3-week study. Families had been randomly assigned to one of 2 intervention groups (algorithmic internet-based intervention alone or in combination with a prescribed bedtime routine) or a control group. After a one-week baseline, the intervention groups followed personalized sleep recommendations. The initial internet-intervention was found to be efficacious at 2 weeks post-intervention. The current study investigates a one-year follow-up, with mothers completing a short survey that included 8 questions from the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire and 1 question from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.Results Improvements in difficulty falling asleep, number/duration of night wakings, and longest continuous sleep period were maintained at one year follow-up in the 2 intervention groups compared to baseline and end of the initial study, p < 0.001. Children in the control group, in which limited changes were seen in the initial study, showed improvements in the duration of night wakings and longest continuous sleep period compared to the end of the initial study. Mothers in all groups were less likely to describe their child's sleep as a problem.Conclusions These results suggest that a brief internet-intervention for early childhood sleep problems is effective in improving child and maternal sleep, with improvements maintained one year later.
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In a one-year follow-up of that study, effects for both intervention conditions were maintained relative to controls, and 87% of mothers in the bedtime routine condition continued using the routine at least half the time.
“effects for both intervention conditions were maintained relative to controls in a one-year follow-up study, with 87% of mothers in bedtime routine condition continuing to use this specific routine at least half of the time”
From Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond. (2018) · cites this paper as [70]
The Child Sleep section reports that improvements were maintained at one year in both intervention groups, and Sleep Recommendations reports that 87.3% of mothers prescribed the routine continued using it at least half the time. The paper assessed changes within groups, however, rather than establishing that the maintained effects were relative to controls; the control group also improved on some sleep measures. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Moore, M. E., & Mindell, J. A. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-75566-5.00013-7
Self-citationGringras, P., Anilkumar, A., Bray, L., Carter, B., Coffey, T. T., Cook, G., Hardy, W., Hughes, D. A., Lalnunhlimi, S., Morris, C., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.14.25326746
Child Temperament and Sleep Problems: The Moderating Role of Bedtime Routines
Acar, İ. H., & Barata, Ö. (2025) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-025-09870-8
Drozd, F., Pettersen Sandtrø, H., Leksbø, T. S., Haga, S. M., Jacobsen, H., & Størksen, H. T. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25183272
- Authors
- Mindell, J. A., Du Mond, C. E., Sadeh, A., Telofski, L. S., Kulkarni, N., & Gunn, E.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Johnson & Johnson (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mindell, Jodi A.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
- Published
- 2011-10-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 507-511
- ISSN
- 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9397
- PMC
- PMC3190851
- OpenAlex
- W2042796599
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- infant sleep problems, toddler sleep, online intervention, sleep coaching, bedtime routines, nocturnal awakenings, maternal sleep, maternal confidence, long-term follow-up, algorithmic intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Time, Treatment Outcome, Internet, Young Adult
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