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Relationship between Food Intake and Sleep Pattern in Healthy Individuals
Open accessAbstract
Study objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between food intake and sleep patterns in healthy individuals.Methods Fifty-two healthy volunteers (27 women and 25 men) were recruited to participate in the study. Volunteers underwent sleep evaluation through nocturnal polysomnography and completed a 3-day food diary to evaluate food intake.Results No differences in sleep patterns were observed in either gender, except in the percentage of stage 1 sleep, which was greater in men. Different correlations were observed between sleep and dietary variables according to gender. The correlation between dietary and sleep variables in men indicated a negative relationship between nocturnal fat intake and the sleep latency, including REM sleep. The percentage of nocturnal fat intake correlated with sleep efficiency, sleep latency, REM latency, stage 2 sleep, REM sleep, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) in women. The percentage of nocturnal caloric intake correlated with sleep latency and efficiency in women.Conclusions We conclude that food intake during the nocturnal period is correlated with negative effects on the sleep quality of healthy individuals. Indeed, food intake near the sleeping period (dinner and late night snack) was negatively associated with sleep quality variables. More studies are necessary to elucidate the real effect of food intake on sleep.
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“These results indicate that dietary intake can impact sleep and therefore the sleep-diet relationship may be bidirectional.”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [161]
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“One study of adult women and men aged 19–45 years examined diet and sleep architecture using PSG and found that greater nocturnal (dinner plus any late night snacks) intake of fat was associated with lower sleep efficiency, greater REM latency, higher percentage of N2, lower percentage of REM and greater WASO after adjustment for age, gender, and socioeconomic status [161].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [161]
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Time-related eating patterns and chronotype are associated with diet quality in pregnant women
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“long SOL, less SE, sleep maintenance) [12, 13, 51], excessive alcohol use [64] and electronic device use [69] and affective symptoms such as anxiety [70] and depression [71, 72], but we did not find any relationship between sleep and physical activity as have other studies [73].”
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“Epidemiological studies have shown that a higher intake of high-calorie foods and refined carbohydrates is associated with short sleep [67, 68]; moreover, fiber-rich diets can decrease the dietary glycaemic index [69].”
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“Polysomnographic studies of nocturnal eaters reported that the nocturnal food intake in itself is sufficient to modify the sleep patterns also in healthy individuals [26] not affected by NES.”
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“In addition, carbohydrate intake was positively associated with percentage of the stage 2 sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset, and negatively associated with sleep efficiency (SE) and REM sleep [52].”
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“Despite this limitation, total sleep time, sleep efficiency and number of arousals in the sample were estimated to be abnormal when compared to normative samples in past studies [9, 51, 52].”
ResultTiming and Duration of Sleep in Hospitalized Children: An Observational Study
Cowherd, E. L., Sutton, A. G., Vincent, J., Humphries, M. S., Ritter, V., Fine, J. P., & Steiner, M. J. (2019) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2018-0236 · Cited by 19
“Despite previous reports of the relationship between BMI and home sleep habits, latenight eating in our cohort of hospitalized children was not associated with increased BMI.(9,10,25,26) Daytime disruptions, medical testing, and illness could result in eating later at night while hospitalized.”
BackgroundDenniss, R. J., Barker, L. A., & Day, C. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00115 · Cited by 20
“Importantly, most nutrition research employs a 3-7 day food diary methodology to evaluate nutrient intake (Patel et al., 2006; Crispim et al., 2011), a much shorter timeframe than we used here.”
BackgroundCruz, J., Llodio, I., Iturricastillo, A., Yanci, J., Sánchez-Díaz, S., & Romaratezabala, E. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193345 · Cited by 22
“In turn, a change in the type of macronutrients can affect different sleep parameters such as rapid eye movement (REM), slow-wave sleep (SWS) or waking after sleep onset (WASO), affecting to sleep efficiency [31,32].”
Backgroundde Melo, C. M., dos Santos Quaresma, M. V. L., del Re, M. P., Ribeiro, S. M. L., Moreira Antunes, H. K., Togeiro, S. M., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.12.028 · Cited by 16
Bedtime procrastination during the second COVID-19 lockdown in Portugal
Oliveira, A., Pereira, B., Rosário, P. J. S. L. F., & Magalhães, P. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220031 · Cited by 16
“This data is consistent with previous research that indicates that eating later than usual, i.e., closer to bedtime, is more common during confinement, and could contribute to an increased time required to fall asleep 30-33 .”
ResultDreams of the Rarebit Fiend: food and diet as instigators of bizarre and disturbing dreams
Nielsen, T., & Powell, R. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00047 · Cited by 19
Groth, S. W., Fernandez, I. D., Block, R., Thurston, S. W., Wong, E., Brunner, J., Mayo, N. L., Kapula, N., Yu, Y. H., Meng, Y., et al. (2021) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22141 · Cited by 17
Variability of respiration and sleep during polysomnography in individuals with TBI
Lu, W. Y.-R., Cantor, J. B., Aurora, R. N., Nguyen, M., Ashman, T. A., Spielman, L. A., Ambrose, A. F., Krellman, J. W., & Gordon, W. A. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-141117 · Cited by 14
Rasaei, N., Samadi, M., Khadem, A., Badrooj, N., zadeh, M. H., Ghaffarian-Ensaf, R., Gholami, F., & Mirzaei, K. (2023) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-023-00414-1 · Cited by 15
Doo, M., & Wang, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072020 · Cited by 14
Morehen, S., Smeuninx, B., Perkins, M., Morgan, P. T., & Breen, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010090 · Cited by 15
“In this regard, a study by Crispim and colleagues revealed a negative relationship between nocturnal food intake and sleep quality in healthy individuals [46].”
BackgroundLi, W., Sekine, M., Yamada, M., Fujimura, Y., & Tatsuse, T. (2018) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.13548 · Cited by 13
Lee, H., Kim, J., Moon, J., Jung, S., Jo, Y., Kim, B., Ryu, E., & Bahn, S. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220112 · Cited by 14
Choi, Y., Son, B., Shin, W.-C., Nam, S.-K., Lee, J., Lim, J., Kim, S., Yang, C., & Lee, H. (2022) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s378564 · Cited by 14
“food or indigestion that might arise from eating night meals may negatively affect sleep quality.(31,33) At the same time, the possibility of reverse causation also exists, in that participants with poor sleep quality may tend to eat night meals.”
BackgroundIndices of Sleep Health Are Associated With Timing and Duration of Eating in Young Adults
Griffith, C., Leidy, H. J., & Gwin, J. A. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.04.016 · Cited by 13
Yoo, H., Jo, E., Lee, H., Ko, E., Jang, E.-J., Sim, J., & Park, S. (2023) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2023.17.6.1155 · Cited by 12
Coro, D. G., Hutchinson, A. D., Banks, S., & Coates, A. M. (2020) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.13303 · Cited by 12
A Delayed Evening Meal Enhances Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players
Lehmann, L., Saidi, O., Giacomoni, M., Sordo, G. C. D., Maso, F., Margaritis, I., & Duché, P. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0014 · Cited by 11
Nunes, M. E. B., Santos, C., Lima, M. D. O., Pedrosa, A. K. P., de Menezes, R. C. E., & Longo‐Silva, G. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1779605 · Cited by 16
“23 Such studies, by emphasizing that eating high-calorie meals at the end of the day can contribute to poor sleep quality, may also justify the relationship we found between referring to dinner as the largest meal of the day and worse sleep parameters.”
Kageyama, M., Odagiri, K., Mizuta, I., Yamamoto, M., Yamaga, K., Hirano, T., Onoue, K., & Uehara, A. (2017) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1539/joh.16-0038-oa · Cited by 11
Maw, S. S., & Haga, C. (2019) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2018-000011 · Cited by 10
“Similarly, higher food intakes closer to bedtime had a negative effect on sleep quality.(34) Although the presence of a short interval between dinner and bedtime did not significantly influence the HbA1c levels in our study, this result could not be generalised because of the cultural effect of the healthy food conten…”
BackgroundGaskell, C., Sarada, P., Aleem, E. A., & Bendriss, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132994 · Cited by 9
“Alcohol consumed before bedtime has been found to cause a decrease in the REM in the first half of the night, as the alcohol levels drop in the second half of the night sleep becomes disrupted at the time when REM duration is at its greatest causing an increase in waking leading to fatigue during the day (58).”
BackgroundInfluentialGiri, S., Mehta, R., & Mallick, B. N. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14010008 · Cited by 9
“…most of the altered lifestyle factors, e.g., stress, lack of physical exercise, unhealthy nutrition, obesity, high serum triglycerides and higher serum cholesterol levels, smoking, alcoholism, and associated diseases have been correlated with sleep disturbance or sleep fragmentation [151–157].”
BackgroundEat Well, Sleep Well: Exploring the Association Between Eating Behavior and Sleep Quality
Bazzani, A., & Faraguna, U. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172908 · Cited by 9
“Eating close to bedtime also negatively impacts sleep quality [9], as stimulant-containing beverages and foods do [10].”
Al-Jawarneh, M., Chauhan, S., Csölle, I., & Lohner, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17223580 · Cited by 10
“Having a meal within three hours of bedtime was independently and significantly associated with poorer sleep quality, which is consistent with previous research illustrating negative associations of excessive food intake prior to bedtime with several aspects of sleep quality [52,53].”
Sánchez-Trigo, H., Molina-Martínez, E., Puyana, M. G., & Sañudo, B. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2067331 · Cited by 9
“Hence, despite the associations between sleep disturbance and depression, not all individuals are equally affected by poor sleep, therefore different lifestyle factors could affect these associations (Crispim et al., 2011).”
BackgroundTime-related meal patterns and breakfast quality in a sample of Iranian adults
Lesani, A., Barkhidarian, B., Jafarzadeh, M., Akbarzade, Z., Djafarian, K., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2023) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-022-00666-w · Cited by 12
“It has also been shown that meal timing [4, 5], sleep timing [6, 7], eating window, the interval between the first and last mealtime [8], fasting window, the interval between the last and first meal as time-restricted feeding [9] and irregularity in intake of energy at meals especially breakfast [10] have an important…”
BackgroundActigraphic Sleep and Dietary Macronutrient Intake in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old: A Pilot Study
Ferrer, S. C., Peraita‐Costa, I., González, A. L., Picó, Y., Soriano, J. M., Nieto, F. J., González, A. L., & Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112568 · Cited by 9
“Studying nocturnal food intakes along with the timing of them along with sleep parameters can improve the understanding of the relationship between sleep and intake [45].”
BackgroundResultEucaloric Balanced Diet Improved Objective Sleep in Adolescents with Obesity
Saidi, O., Rochette, E., Sordo, G. C. D., Doré, É., Merlin, É., Walrand, S., & Duché, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103550 · Cited by 10
“In another study, higher nocturnal fat intake was associated with increased wake after sleep onset (WASO) and reduced sleep efficiency (SE) [22].”
BackgroundPark, J. H., Park, H., Bae, S., & Kang, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021489 · Cited by 8
“[50] observed that the higher the total calories in women’s bedtime meals, the longer it took them to fall asleep, the greater the number of WASOs, and the lower the SE.”
BackgroundCorrado, A., Scidà, G., Vitale, M., Caprio, B. D., Costabile, G., Annuzzi, E., Pepa, G. D., Lupoli, R., & Bozzetto, L. (2024) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2024.03.006 · Cited by 8
Meal timing, sleep, and cardiometabolic outcomes
Rogers, M., Coates, A. M., & Banks, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.006 · Cited by 6
Xu, X., Zheng, F., Cai, Y., Lin, J., Zeng, Z., Wei, S., & Wu, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.924741 · Cited by 7
“Our findings suggest that food intake preceding sleep has a negative impact on sleep health, consistent with previous studies (31, 32).”
ResultPattar, S., Shetty, P., & Shetty, G. B. (2023) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2023.02.001 · Cited by 7
Ansu, V., Alexandria, S. J., Zee, P. C., & Knutson, K. L. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae007 · Cited by 7
“…Crispim et al. also observed an association between greater WASO and greater fat intake ( β = 0.55, p = 0.01) and found no significant association between each of the macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and N3% ( p > 0.05) [18], which is consistent with the current study findings.”
ResultInfluentialCircadian dinner timing and BMI among adults in a Brazilian national survey
Pedrosa, A. K. P., Lima, M. D. O., de Oliveira, P. M. B., Serenini, R., de Menezes, R. C. E., & Longo‐Silva, G. (2023) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2023.100526 · Cited by 7
The Influence of Diet on Sleep
Zuraikat, F. M., & St‐Onge, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816658-1.00022-3 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Crispim, C. A., Zimberg, I. Z., dos Reis, B. G., Diniz, R. M., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (BR)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Crispim, Cibele Aparecida
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
- Published
- 2011-12-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 659-664
- ISSN
- 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9397
- PMC
- PMC3227713
- OpenAlex
- W2141186476
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (98/14303-3)
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- dietary intake, sleep patterns, sleep quality, energy intake, sleep latency, REM sleep, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, stage 1 sleep, sex differences, late-night eating, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Anthropometry, Energy Intake, Eating, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Monitoring, Physiologic, Regression Analysis, Sampling Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Multivariate Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Polysomnography, Young Adult
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