Cited by 273Circadian rhythm and melatoninPharmaceutical Quality and CounterfeitingComplementary and Alternative Medicine Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content

Open access

Erland, Lauren A.E., Saxena, Praveen K.·2017·Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

DOI 10.5664/jcsm.6462PMC PMC5263083

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Study objectives Melatonin is an important neurohormone, which mediates circadian rhythms and the sleep cycle. As such, it is a popular and readily available supplement for the treatment and prevention of sleep-related disorders including insomnia and jet lag. This study quantified melatonin in 30 commercial supplements, comprising different brands and forms and screened supplements for the presence of serotonin.Methods A total of 31 supplements were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for quantification of melatonin and serotonin. Presence of serotonin was confirmed through analysis by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection.Results Melatonin content was found to range from -83% to +478% of the labelled content. Additionally, lot-to-lot variable within a particular product varied by as much as 465%. This variability did not appear to be correlated with manufacturer or product type. Furthermore, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a related indoleamine and controlled substance used in the treatment of several neurological disorders, was identified in eight of the supplements at levels of 1 to 75 μg.Conclusions Melatonin content did not meet label within a 10% margin of the label claim in more than 71% of supplements and an additional 26% were found to contain serotonin. It is important that clinicians and patients have confidence in the quality of supplements used in the treatment of sleep disorders. To address this, manufacturers require increased controls to ensure melatonin supplements meet both their label claim, and also are free from contaminants, such as serotonin.Commentary A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 163.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5664/jcsm.6462

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Serotonin Syndrome
Boyer, E. W., & Shannon, M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041867 · Cited by 1,821
Generation of the Melatonin Endocrine Message in Mammals: A Review of the Complex Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis by Norepinephrine, Peptides, and Other Pineal Transmitters
Simonneaux, V., & Ribelayga, C. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.2.2 · Cited by 740
Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: Meta-analysis
Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Hooton, N., Pandya, R., Tjosvold, L., Hartling, L., Vohra, S., Klassen, T. P., & Baker, G. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38731.532766.f6 · Cited by 454
Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders
Auld, F., Maschauer, E. L., Morrison, I., Skene, D. J., & Riha, R. L. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005 · Cited by 402
Tryptophan is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin biosynthesis in in vitro regenerated St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L. cv. Anthos) plants
Murch, S. J., KrishnaRaj, S., & Saxena, P. K. (2000) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s002990000206 · Cited by 364
On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5‐methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species
Tan, D. X., Hardeland, R., Back, K., Manchester, L. C., Alatorre-Jiménez, M. A., & Reiter, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12336 · Cited by 282
A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities
Wasdell, M. B., Jan, J. E., Bomben, M. M., Fréeman, R. D., Rietveld, W. J., Tai, J., Hamilton, D., & Weiss, M. D. (2007) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00528.x · Cited by 261
Serotonin: A never-ending story
Olivier, B. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.031 · Cited by 253
Tramadol, Pharmacology, Side Effects, and Serotonin Syndrome: A Review
Kaye, A. D. (2015) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2015/18/395 · Cited by 247
A double-blind trial of melatonin as a treatment for jet lag in international cabin crew
Petrie, K. J., Dawson, A. G., Thompson, L., & Brook, R. (1993) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90007-z · Cited by 212

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 27 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Ipsos-Reid Public Affairs. Natural Health Product Tracking Survey - 2010 Final Report. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Health Canada; 2011:1–73.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–273 of 273

Quality Assessment of Melatonin Supplements Marketed in Brazil: Alarming Discrepancies
Langaro, E., Rodrigues, N. D. S., Marchi, A. C. B. D., & Bertol, C. D. (2026) · Journal of Food Quality · doi:10.1155/jfq/8894384 · Cited by 1
Acute Onset Orolingual Choreoathetosis and Auditory Hallucinations in a Healthy Young Adult Following High Melatonin Dose
Bain, H. L., Yanez, A. M., & Bartlett, S. I. (2026) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usag468 · Cited by 1
Pharmacology of Sleep
Dailey, J. H., & Chowdhuri, S. (2022) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_2 · Cited by 1
Osimertinib (Tagrisso) and Melatonin
Shader, R. I. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001775 · Cited by 1
Melatonin for nocturia: Lessons learned from the sleep literature
Monaghan, T. F., Wein, A. J., Lazar, J., & Bliwise, D. L. (2024) · Neurourology and Urodynamics · doi:10.1002/nau.25517 · Cited by 1
Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Gao, C., Scullin, M. K., & Bliwise, D. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813014-8.00011-1 · Cited by 1
Melatonin Beyond Sleep, Part I: An Overview
Lucius, K. (2022) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2022.29025.klu · Cited by 1
Ramelteon for ICU Delirium Prevention: Is It Time to Melt Away?*
Hamblin, S. E., & Burka, A. T. (2019) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004052 · Cited by 1
Despite melatonin’s popularity, concerns remain about safe use in children
Liao, Y., & Rollins, C. J. (2018) · Pharmacy Today · doi:10.1016/j.ptdy.2018.09.008
The effect of pyridoxine supplementation on quality of life of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Nwannadi, I., Onoja, A., Anike, U., Aba, I., Okoli, R., Okolie, I., Aondover, M., Kyoive, E., & Alao, O. (2018) · Research Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/rejhs.v6i4.2
A Case-Based Approach to the Identification and Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Neurology Practice
Zuzuárregui, J. R. P., & During, E. (2019) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-019-0135-x
Treatment of Insomnia in Parkinson’s Disease
Bliwise, D. L. (2019) · Current clinical neurology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97897-0_20
Evaluation and Management of the Sleepless Child
Pelayo, R. (2019) · Allergy and Sleep · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14738-9_9
Updates on Pediatric Sleep Disorders
August, J., & Maski, K. P. (2020) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-020-00184-w
Somnogenic Agents in Children
Pelayo, R., & Yuen, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65574-7_23
BEHAVIORAL SLEEP PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN (BEHAVIORAL INSOMNIA) AND EFFECTIVE METHODS OF THEIR MANAGEMENT
ARVELADZE, G., & Mikeladze, T. (2021) · EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL MEDICINE GEORGIA · doi:10.52340/jecmj.2021.389
Tryptophan and melatonin as treatments
Levitan, A., Musa, E., & Shapiro, C. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00220-6
PRE-SURGICAL USE OF MELATONIN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON ENHANCING PROGNOSIS PROCESS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS GRAFT
Jouybar, R., Jannati, M., & Khademi, S. (2021) · Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Sciences Assiut · doi:10.21608/bfsa.2021.207171
Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children With ASD
(2020) · AAP Grand Rounds · doi:10.1542/gr.44-3-32
Herbal Remedies, Over-the-Counter Drugs, and Dietary Supplements: A Primer for Counselors
de Vries, S. R., & Gonzales‐Wong, C. D. (2022) · The Professional Counselor · doi:10.15241/srdv.12.2.105
Melatonine bij kinderen met slapeloosheid?
Habraken, H., A, V. E., Christiaens, T. C., Maesschalck, M. D., Bijl, D., & Maloteaux, J. M. (2022) · JGZ Tijdschrift voor jeugdgezondheidszorg · doi:10.1007/s12452-022-00291-w
Treating Sleep Disturbances in Children with Developmental Disorders
Galion, A. W., Mathur, M., Megerian, J. T., & Min, C. B. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06120-2_22
Melatonin: Harmless Supplement? A Case of Angioedema and Anaphylaxis
Kumar, N. G., Kim, H. W., & Mallow, C. M. (2023) · Respiratory The American Medical Journal · doi:10.33590/respiramj/10307292
What's Sleep Got to Do With It?
Alkureishi, L. A., Hageman, J. R., & Muñoz, T. (2023) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20230809-01
Impact of an over-the-counter “sleep lotion” on salivary melatonin levels and sleep quality: a randomized controlled trialPreprint
Ponce, C., Razon, A. D., Chao, J., Nakagawa, S. K., Peterson, M., Roque, A. Y., Vanderpool, M. A., Ferracane, M. J., & Olson, L. E. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.10.16.23297058
What Are Effective Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatments for Delirium?
Choi, E. W., & Krishnasamy, P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-84702-5.00029-4
Melatonin Revisited: Clinically Relevant Facts
Motwani, S., & Sousa, A. D. (2023) · Annals of Indian Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/aip.aip_196_23
Health Effects of Smartphones in 14-19 Age Young People
Yarbağ, A., & Yazar, H. (2023) · Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.26453/otjhs.1325700
A Series of Personalized Melatonin Supplement Interventions for Poor Sleep: Feasibility Randomized Crossover Trial for Personalized N-of-1 Treatment (Preprint)Preprint
Butler, M. J., Chandereng, T., Ahn, H., D’Angelo, S., Miller, D., Perrin, A., Rodillas, J., Friel, C. P., Goodwin, A. M., Cheung, Y. K., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.58192
Sleep Disorders: Overlooked Lifestyle Factors that Clinicians Should Consider
Goetting, M. G. (2024) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2024.29119.mgg
The Treatment of Dually Diagnosed Individuals with Sleep Disturbances and Intellectual Disabilities
Monceaux, B., Smith, K., & McPherson, P. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66902-6_16
Pharmacology of Sleep in Children
Owens, J. A., & Ekambaram, V. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-75566-5.00005-8
Therapeutic Dilemma: Melatonin or not?
Ratnapalan, S., & Rieder, M. J. (2024) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxae083
Melatonin
Chaudhuri, К. R., Jenner, P. G., Leta, V., Jones, S., & Boura, I. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009222648.027
Review of Integrative Interventions in Pediatric Sleep
Okorie, C. U. A. (2025) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/19382359-20250108-03
Melatonin and Multivitamin Use in Sleep Disturbance Populations: Associations with Health Outcomes and Mortality from a National Cohort StudyPreprint
You, Z., Gan, L., Wu, J., Feng, S., & Pan, J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6213720/v1
The Use and Misuse of Over-the-Counter Melatonin in Children and Adolescents: A Commentary
Kim, C. Y., Yousef, P., Gilad, R., & Shapiro, C. M. (2025) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437251340683
Sleep and Circadian Development in the Early and Developing Years
Donskoy, I., & Oyegbile-Chidi, T. O. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.47
Can kids overdose on melatonin gummies? Yes, and an online store has suspended sales
Blunden, S. L. (2025) · doi:10.64628/aa.yysqpxtaj
Casos de overdose de melatonina em crianças na Austrália levam à suspensão de vendas de produtos para o país
Blunden, S. L. (2025) · doi:10.64628/ade.q6u5atr47
Clinical Update on Insomnia
Anthamatten, A., Gillis, B. D., & Parish, A. L. (2025) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2025.105518
New galenic formulations of melatonin and therapeutic applications
Serrano, D. R., Torrado, J. J., Öngoren, B., & Anaya, B. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30240-4.00013-2
Melatonin: a comparative analysis of policy and regulatory frameworks
Sánchez, A. J., & Peralta, P. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30240-4.00003-x
Desperate for Sleep: Exploring Parental Perceptions of Melatonin Use Among Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Hanish, A., Freudenburg, S. M., Klein, A. J., Stappert, D. J., & Shade, M. Y. (2025) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jspn.70010
Additional file 1 of Medications for sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with depression: a survey of Canadian child and adolescent psychiatrists
Boafo, A., Greenham, S. L., Sullivan, M., Bazaid, K., Suntharalingam, S., Silbernagel, L., Magner, K., & Robillard, R. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11967024
Additional file 1 of Adherence to treatment and parents’ perspective about effectiveness of melatonin in children with autism spectrum disorder and sleep disturbances
Sadeh, H., Meiri, G., Zigdon, D., Ilan, M., Faroy, M., Michaelovski, A., Sadaka, Y., Dinstein, I., & Menashe, I. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26633283
Reviewer Comment on Araujo Gouhie et al. “Melatonin Compared To Other Treatments For Episodic Migraine: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis”
Woldeamanuel, Y. W. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2025.10424
Prescribing practices and interventions in elite football: Patterns and perspectives
Porter Verna, R., Drummond, A., & Dhand, R. (2026) · Apunts Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.apunsm.2026.100515
Reframing and clarifying melatonin use in paediatric sleep care
Ohn, M., & Fitzgerald, D. (2026) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2026.01.003
Le sommeil, c’est important : favoriser un sommeil sain chez les enfants et les adolescents ayant des troubles neurodéveloppementaux
Thomas, M., & Shea, S. E. (2025) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxaf109
Integrative oncology approaches to sleep disturbances and insomnia
Schneiderhan, J. R., Bhandiwad, A., Greenblatt, M., & Zhou, E. S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30194-0.00053-9
The effect of prebiotic intervention foods on caregiver-reported infant sleep and caregiver sleep quality during complementary feeding- secondary analysis of a randomized control trial
Fu, X., Lovell, A. L., Wall, C. R., de Castro, T. G., Jiang, Y., Lawrence, R. L., Mahawar, N., & Galland, B. C. (2026) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2026.2635535
Prevention and Treatment of ICU Delirium in Brain Injured Patients
Lawson, T. N., Young, B. C., & Reznik, M. E. (2026) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-026-01489-z
Circadian abnormalities, molecular clock gene and chronobiological treatment for psychiatric disorders
Chakraborty, S., & Srivastava, V. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2648750
Circadian rhythm involvement in the host immune response
Diallo, A. B. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d0ae13c6zedf6z402cz9fbfz469e58c326a0
Circadian rhythm and host response : new insights on the role of the body temperature rhythm
Coiffard, B. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3b9112a2z4af1z4ccdz9bf9z29331b5c67c4
Practical tips for paediatricians: implementing cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescent insomnia
Youssef, T., & Valji, R. (2026) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxag029
Troubles du sommeil chez l’enfant et l’adolescent : évaluation clinique et principes de prise en charge
Rolling, J., Zanfonato, T., Bioulac, S., & Schroder, C. M. (2026) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2026.03.008
Establishment of an immunoassay for detection of melatonin and 2-mydroxymelatonin based on computer-aided design
Hu, J., Xu, X., Wu, X., Kuang, H., Xu, C., & Guo, L. (2026) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149476
Melatonin and cardiovascular risk: an NHANES reality check after recent heart failure concerns
Khan, B., & Lima, B. B. (2026) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2026-004108
Melatonin supplementation, hyperprolactinemia, and incident heart failure: A proposed prolactin-mediated pathway for cardiovascular risk
Savvidis, C., Thomopoulos, C., & Ilias, I. (2026) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v16.i2.120754
Phytomelatonin enrichment through germination: effects of salinity and melatonin priming in edible plant seedsPreprint
Utaida, T., Loypimai, P., & Moongngarm, A. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6945458
A Pragmatic Algorithm for Selecting Psychopharmacology Treatment for Secondary Insomnia
Chen, A. C. N., Taj, F., Fonseka, L. N., & Osser, D. N. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000002219
Melatonin can be a safe and effective sleep aid for all ages – but product inconsistencies and improper dosing lead to real harms
Ibrahim, S. (2026) · doi:10.64628/aai.d7sg75xa6
Prise en charge médicamenteuse des troubles du sommeil chez l’enfant
Zanfonato, T., & Schroder, C. M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-78711-9.00048-7
μPADs for a Safer Night’s Sleep: An Alternative for Quality Control of Melatonin Pharmaceutical Formulations
Ramos, A. J. A., Brazaca, L. C., Rossini, E. L., Lima, M., & Carrilho, E. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6c03837
Inverse DualMode Sensing Platform Using FeDoped BlueEmitting Carbon Dots Nanozymes for Reliable Trace Melatonin QuantificationPreprint
Lv, Z., Qu, E., & Xia, L. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7328590
Sleep Management and Recovery After TBI in Kids (SMART-Kids): Pilot Trial Using Melatonin
Williams, C. N., Hall, T. A., Alberts, H., Heierle, J., Lim, M. M., Shea, S. A., & McEvoy, C. T. (2026) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2026-009244
A design of experiments approach to production of medicinal bioactives in Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil
Giebelhaus, R. T., Brown, P. N., Ali, M., Dodds, A. M., & Erland, L. A. E. (2026) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2026.2727756
Melatonin supplementation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of clinical, imaging, biomarker, and safety outcomes
Nabil, Y., Ghazou, A., Abodabesh, S., Mansour, A., Mohamed, A. A., Allam, S., Eid, N., Wahba, Y. I., Mamoun, R. M. M., Samy, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1889519
Circadian–melatonin signaling in general anesthesia: molecular mechanisms and perioperative implications
Mui, W.-C., Hou¹, Y.-C., Liao, Y., & Lu, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1960152
Case Report: Intentional massive melatonin ingestion (450 mg) in an adolescent female
Miran, S., Amiri, B., Astaraki, P., & Rouzbahani, A. K. (2026) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2026.1958318
Management of shift work disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline
Wright, K. P., Abbott, S. M., Ashbrook, L. H., Drake, C. L., Flynn‐Evans, E. E., Framnes‐DeBoer, S. N., Kazmi, U., Keeler, K., McCall, C., Morgan, R. L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00084-w

Authors: Erland, L. A. E., & Saxena, P. K.
Affiliations: University of Guelph (CA)
Corresponding author: Saxena, Praveen K.
ORCID: Erland, Lauren A.E.
Saxena, Praveen K.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-02-15
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 275-281
ISSN: 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
1550-9397
DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.6462
PMC: PMC5263083
OpenAlex: W2587113438
Cited by: 273
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 9.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (46741)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
Keywords: serotonin, supplement quality, lot-to-lot variation, insomnia, sleep disorders, supplement regulation
MeSH terms: Biological Products, Chromatography, Liquid, Melatonin, Serotonin, Mass Spectrometry, Dietary Supplements, Electrochemical Techniques

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks