Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities

In the citing paper

“Enteric pathogens, for example, have multiple sufficient pathways to diarrhoea that may overlap and interact at multiple levels of analysis.22–25”

In the citing paper

“The appropriateness of pit latrines at providing improved sanitation thus lies in its ability to safely dispose human excreta in such a way that there is minimal or no contact with humans.”

In the citing paper

“Furthermore, the excreta should not be accessible to insects or animals and the facility should be free from odours [18, 47].”

In the citing paper

“Proposed design accumulation rates range from 40–90 ℓ/capita/year [15, 18].”

In the citing paper

“Studies have depicted that the process of decomposition in pit latrines is largely anaerobic although aerobic degradation processes may occur [18, 62, 66].”

In the citing paper

“Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide have for long been noted as the smell causing substances in pit latrines [18, 75].”

In the citing paper

“A possible mass - volume reduction of 50–75 % [54] or up to 80 % [18, 67] after well-established degradation has been reported.”

In the citing paper

“This was because while both flies and mosquitoes were drawn to odour sources in pit latrines, [80] the latter have a positive phototropism and fly only towards light [18].”

In the citing paper

“The use of inorganic and organic chemicals as larvicides and disinfectants like sodium fluosilicate, borax, paradichlorobenzene (PDB), orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), aldrin, BHC and DDT has been documented [17, 18, 86].”

In the citing paper

“The association arises because flies are attracted by the smell from the pits [18], while volatile compounds from pit latrines function as pheromones to attract gravid mosquitoes to suitable breeding sites [98–101].”