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Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities
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In the citing paper
“Enteric pathogens, for example, have multiple sufficient pathways to diarrhoea that may overlap and interact at multiple levels of analysis.22–25”
From Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“The appropriateness of pit latrines at providing improved sanitation thus lies in its ability to safely dispose human excreta in such a way that there is minimal or no contact with humans.”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the excreta should not be accessible to insects or animals and the facility should be free from odours [18, 47].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Proposed design accumulation rates range from 40–90 ℓ/capita/year [15, 18].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Studies have depicted that the process of decomposition in pit latrines is largely anaerobic although aerobic degradation processes may occur [18, 62, 66].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide have for long been noted as the smell causing substances in pit latrines [18, 75].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“A possible mass - volume reduction of 50–75 % [54] or up to 80 % [18, 67] after well-established degradation has been reported.”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“This was because while both flies and mosquitoes were drawn to odour sources in pit latrines, [80] the latter have a positive phototropism and fly only towards light [18].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The use of inorganic and organic chemicals as larvicides and disinfectants like sodium fluosilicate, borax, paradichlorobenzene (PDB), orthodichlorobenzene (ODB), aldrin, BHC and DDT has been documented [17, 18, 86].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“The association arises because flies are attracted by the smell from the pits [18], while volatile compounds from pit latrines function as pheromones to attract gravid mosquitoes to suitable breeding sites [98–101].”
From Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances (2015) · cites this paper as [18]
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Zavala, E., King, S. E., Sawadogo‐Lewis, T., & Roberton, T. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13202 · Cited by 36
O’Hara, S. L., Hannan, T., & Genina, M. (2007) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2007.063 · Cited by 28
Multiple criteria decision analysis for sanitation selection in South African municipalities
Salisbury, F., Brouckaert, C. J., Still, D., & Buckley, C. A. (2018) · Water SA · doi:10.4314/wsa.v44i3.12 · Cited by 27
Williams, C., Cumming, O., Grignard, L., Rumedeka, B. B., Saidi, J. M., Grint, D. J., DRAKELEY, C. J., & Jeandron, A. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05454-0 · Cited by 26
Estimating the Effect of School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Improvements on Pupil Health Outcomes
Garn, J. V., Brumback, B., Drews‐Botsch, C., Lash, T. L., Kramer, M. R., & Freeman, M. C. (2016) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000522 · Cited by 26
Falkenberg, T., Saxena, D. B., & Kistemann, T. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.117 · Cited by 26
Development and application of a methodology to assess sanitary risks in Maputo, Mozambique
Campos, L. C., Ross, P., Nasir, Z. A., Taylor, H. D., & Parkinson, J. (2015) · Environment and Urbanization · doi:10.1177/0956247815595784 · Cited by 29
Modeling the complexities of water, hygiene, and health in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Mellor, J. E., Smith, J. A., Learmonth, G. P., Netshandama, V. O., & Dillingham, R. A. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es3038966 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Wagner, E. G., & Lanoix, J.
- Venue
- Medical Journal of Australia
- Publisher
- AMPCo
- Published
- 1959-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 670-670
- ISSN
- 0025-729X (ISSN-L)
- 1326-5377
- OpenAlex
- W1652742507
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Medical Journal of Australia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Keywords
- excreta disposal, rural sanitation, small communities, sanitation systems
- MeSH terms
- Body Fluids, Humans, Residence Characteristics, Rural Health, Rural Population, Sanitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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