CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 57Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentSchool Health and Nursing EducationMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; the references it cites are not checked yet.

Depression in young people: what causes it and can we prevent it?

Burns, Jane M, Andrews, Gavin, Szabo, Marianna·2002·Medical Journal of Australia
DOI 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04864.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Cumulative adverse experiences, including negative life events and early childhood adversity, together with parental depression and/or non-supportive school or familial environments, place young people at risk for developing depression. Enhanced life skills and supportive school and family environments can mediate the effect of stressful life events. Programs that enhance the school environment are associated with improved behaviour and wellbeing. Interventions that teach cognitive skills are associated with a short-term reduction in depressive symptoms. Current evidence suggests that for an intervention to be sustainable it must encompass multiple components across several levels: classroom, curriculum, whole school, and the school-community interface. Teaching interpersonal skills, including cognitive and problem-solving skills, should be coupled with the promotion of positive school and family environments to prevent depression in young people.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04864.x

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There are several reasons why one could develop depression, such as faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability and stressful life events.

    “Research is clear that there are several reasons why one could develop depression, such as faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability and stressful life events (Burns et al., 2002; Bar, 2009).”

    From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Burns et al., 2002

Citations

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 81 · Cited by 57

Research works printed but not linked: 77

  1. Rose G, 1995, The strategy of preventive medicine
  2. 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00729.x · DOI
  3. Burns J, 2002, Depression in young people: a national school‐based initiative for prevention, early intervention and pathways for care, Australas Psychiatry, 10.1046/j.1440-1665.2002.00421.x · DOI
  4. Ge X, 1994, Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence, Dev Psychol, 30, 467, 10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.467 · DOI
  5. 10.3109/07853899908998794 · DOI · Paper page
  6. 10.1037/0022-006X.63.6.1015 · DOI
  7. 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb123187.x · DOI
  8. Straus MA, 1994, Corporal punishment of adolescents by parents: a risk factor in the epidemiology of depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, child abuse, and wife beating, Adolescence, 29, 543
  9. 10.1017/S0954579498001539 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 10.1023/A:1022133228206 · DOI
  11. 10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00068-4 · DOI
  12. 10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.32 · DOI
  13. 10.1037/0021-843X.108.3.500 · DOI
  14. 10.1037/h0080411 · DOI
  15. Grych J, 1999, Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children, 321
  16. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011597 · DOI
  17. 10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.782 · DOI · Paper page
  18. 10.1111/1467-8624.00048 · DOI · Paper page
  19. McKenna ER, 1999, The relationship between parenting style, level of culture change and depression in Chinese living in the United States [dissertation]
  20. Goodyer IM, 1999, Depressive disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment, 237
  21. 10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80020-8 · DOI
  22. 10.1097/00004583-199307000-00006 · DOI
  23. 10.1023/A:1005299429060 · DOI
  24. 10.1111/1469-7610.00405 · DOI
  25. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01540.x · DOI
  26. Cole DA, 1995, Competence and memory: integrating psychosocial and cognitive correlates of child depression, Child Dev, 66, 459, 10.2307/1131590 · DOI
  27. 10.1007/BF02169254 · DOI
  28. 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49 · DOI · Paper page
  29. 10.1007/BF01447664 · DOI
  30. 10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.370 · DOI
  31. 10.1207/S15374424jccp2902_3 · DOI
  32. 10.1097/00004583-199811000-00012 · DOI
  33. Gotlib IH, 1999, Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children, 415
  34. 10.1192/bjp.179.2.151 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000207)96:1<93::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-5 · DOI
  36. 10.1097/00004583-199207000-00010 · DOI
  37. 10.1017/S0954579401001109 · DOI
  38. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01363.x · DOI
  39. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01615.x · DOI
  40. 10.1111/1532-7795.00005 · DOI
  41. Essau CA, 1999, Depressive disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment, 261
  42. 10.1017/S0813483900004836 · DOI
  43. 10.1080/hrp_8.3.148 · DOI
  44. 10.1037/0021-843X.108.2.202 · DOI
  45. 10.1023/A:1005582419077 · DOI
  46. Tram JM, 2000, Self‐perceived competence and the relation between life events and depressive symptoms in adolescence: mediator or moderator?, J Abnorm Psychol, 109, 753, 10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.753 · DOI
  47. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01537.x · DOI
  48. Cole DA, 1990, Relation of social and academic competence to depressive symptoms in childhood, J Abnorm Psychol, 99, 422, 10.1037/0021-843X.99.4.422 · DOI
  49. 10.1111/1467-8624.00033 · DOI
  50. Cauley Ohannessian C, 1999, Does self‐competence predict gender differences in adolescent depression and anxiety?, J Adolesc, 22, 397, 10.1006/jado.1999.0231 · DOI
  51. 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00104-4 · DOI
  52. 10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.258 · DOI · Paper page
  53. 10.1207/s15374424jccp2801_8 · DOI
  54. 10.1017/S0954579400006180 · DOI
  55. 10.1097/00004583-199209000-00018 · DOI
  56. 10.1111/1467-8624.00325 · DOI
  57. 10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_8 · DOI
  58. 10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.215 · DOI · Paper page
  59. 10.1136/bmj.323.7311.480 · DOI
  60. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(200001)28:1<5::AID-JCOP3>3.0.CO;2-H · DOI
  61. 10.3109/08039489709090744 · DOI
  62. 10.1017/S0954579400005575 · DOI
  63. 10.1016/S0193-3973(99)80003-3 · DOI
  64. 10.1023/A:1022205008237 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Abramson LY, 2000, The science of optimism and hope: research essays in honor of Martin E. P. Seligman, 75
  66. 10.1111/1532-7795.00006 · DOI
  67. 10.1007/BF02506947 · DOI
  68. 10.2224/sbp.1995.23.1.83 · DOI
  69. 10.1037/h0080361 · DOI
  70. Hakim‐Larson J, 1999, Depressive disorders in children and adolescents: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment, 319
  71. Andrews G, 2002, The prevention of mental disorders in young people, Med J Aust, 177, S97, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04865.x · DOI
  72. Burns JM, 2000, Preventive interventions for youth suicide: a risk factor‐based approach, Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 34, 388, 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00738.x · DOI
  73. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x · DOI · Paper page
  74. Hawkins JD, 1992, Preventing antisocial behaviour: interventions from birth through to adolescence
  75. 10.1038/scientificamerican1188-42 · DOI
  76. Felner RD, 1993, Restructuring the ecology of the school as an approach to prevention during school transitions: longitudinal follow‐ups and extensions of the School Transitional Environment Project (STEP), Prev Hum Serv, 10, 103
  77. Kellam SG, 1992, Preventing antisocial behaviour: interventions from birth through adolescence, 162

Metadata

Authors
Burns, J. M., Andrews, G., & Szabo, M.
Affiliations
  • Beyondblue (AU)
  • Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW.
Corresponding author
Burns, Jane M
ORCID
Venue
Medical Journal of Australia
Publisher
AMPCo
Published
2002-10
Volume
177
Issue
S7
Pages
S93-6
ISSN
  • 0025-729X (ISSN-L)
  • 1326-5377
DOI
10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04864.x
OpenAlex
W2127270149
Cited by
57
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4
FWCI
3.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • The Medical Journal of Australia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords
adolescent depression, depression prevention, early childhood adversity, negative life events, parental depression, family environment, school environment, life skills, cognitive skills training, social skills, problem-solving skills, school-wide intervention
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Health Promotion, Humans, Parents, School Health Services, Schools, Social Environment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review