Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: A transactional perspective
Abstract
The present study used a contextual and transactional approach to examine age and gender differences in the experience and consequences of life stress in clinic-referred preadolescents and adolescents. Eighty-eight youngsters and their parents completed the Child Episodic Life Stress Interview, a detailed semistructured interview assessing the occurrence of stressful events in multiple life domains. Interviews were coded using a contextual threat rating method to determine event stressfulness and dependence. Youngsters also completed the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale to assess self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Consistent with predictions, age- and gender-related patterns of life stress varied across the type and context of stressors. Most notably, adolescent girls experienced the highest levels of interpersonal stress, especially stress and conflict that they generated within parent-child and peer relationships. Preadolescent girls experienced the highest levels of independent stress and conflict in the family context. Adolescent boys experienced the highest levels of noninterpersonal stress associated with self-generated events. Girls demonstrated particular vulnerability to depressive responses to dependent stress. The results build on and extend previous theory and research on age and gender differences in close relationships and stress, and illustrate the value of more refined conceptual models and more sophisticated methodologies in child life stress research.
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MDD females report more interpersonal stress whereas males experience more achievement-related stressors.
“For example, MDD females report a higher frequency of interpersonal stress (128) whereas males experience more achievement-related stressors (129).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [129]
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- Authors
- Rudolph, K. D., & Hammen, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Rudolph, Karen D
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-05-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 660-677
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2060101687
- Cited by
- 646
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 9.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- life events, age differences, gender differences, preadolescents, adolescents, transactional model of stress and coping, interpersonal stress, parent-child conflict, peer conflict, depression, anxiety, clinic-referred children
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child, Psychology, Child, Conflict, Psychological, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Male, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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