Cyberbullying and self-esteem in Australian adults
Open accessAbstract
Cyberbullying research is currently focused on identifying personal factors which increase the risk of an individual being involved in the behaviour. Recent findings indicate that within the web of cyberbullying culture a large group of individuals are both cyberbullies and victims. This group of cyberbully/victims has been shown to differ from pure cyberbullies or victims on various factors during adolescence; particularly self-esteem. However, little research to date has investigated cyberbullying behaviour in adults. The current study examined the prevalence of cyberbully typologies and their relationship with self-esteem within a convenience sample of 164 Australian young adults (72% being females; 17-25 years). Results found that the largest group identified were cyberbully/victims (62%), followed by individuals not involved (17%), cyberbullies (11%) and cybervictims (10%) respectively. The ratio of males and females in each of the four cyberbully typologies was similar. Contrary to previous research, all four cyberbully typologies reported similar levels of self-esteem. These findings suggest that research should examine cyberbullying behaviour across all age groups to determine if this is related to different factors in adolescence compared to adulthood. Limitations and future recommendations are discussed.
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Females engage more with cyberbullying as both perpetrators and victims.
“Females engage more with cyberbullying as both perpetrators and victims owing to their higher involvement in indirect forms of aggression133,134 and more frequent use of social networking sites135,136.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [133]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that male and female young adults were equally likely to be cyberbullies or cybervictims, contrary to the claim that females engage more in both roles. The paper discusses greater female involvement in relational bullying as a proposed explanation, not as a finding of greater female cyberbullying. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Yirci, R., Karaköse, T., & Malkoç, N. (2021) · Educational Process International Journal · doi:10.22521/edupij.2021.104.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Use of Social Media and Depression in First-Year Undergraduate Students during COVID-19 Lockdown
Kong, K. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education · doi:10.21315/apjee2021.36.2.3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Peer Victimization of Indian Students: Prevalence and Correlates
Prahbhjot, M., Sidhu, M., & Bharti, B. (2023) · Journal of the Scientific Society · doi:10.4103/jss.jss_221_22 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Attacked Gender Identities: The Enigma of Cyberbullying in Sri Lankan Workplaces
Adikaram, A. S., & Ratnayake, R. M. D. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-2362-2_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaygısız, E. G., & ÇAKIR, Ç. (2020) · Journal of Turkish Studies · doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.43596 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Digital Work Environment–a Challenge and an Opportunity for CSCW
Nauwerck, G., & Forssell, R. (2018) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · doi:10.18420/ecscw2018_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cybervictimisation and Well-Being during the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Depression
Palermiti, A. L., Bartolo, M. G., Servidio, R. C., & Costabile, A. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091627 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Empirical Analysis With Legislative Solutions of Workplace Cyberbullying
Khan, M. D., Daniyal, M., Hassan, A., Saeed, M. A., & Tawiah, K. (2022) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.308303 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and Bullying in Spanish Participants With Eating Disorders
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Welcome to Academia, Expect Cyberbullying
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Çalışma Yaşamında Siber Mağduriyet ve Siber Zorbalığa İlişkin Duyarlılığın Özsaygıya Etkisi
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Cyberbullying in the workplace- an invisible fist “hits” the hardest
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Cyberbullying among College Students
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Welcome to Academia, Expect Cyberbullying
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Educational Technology Initiatives for Preventing Cyberbullying
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A Holistic Survey on Cyberbullying
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Welcome to Academia, Expect Cyberbullying
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Personality Features and Destructive Behavior of Students with Various Cyberbullying Experiences
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Aspects of role models in bullying as a basis for interaction.
Труфанов, Г. А., Evstafev, A. V., Вячеславович, Т. В., & Евгеньевна, А. Е. (2024) · Конфликтология / nota bene · doi:10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69915
To the issue of the role classification of participants in bullying situations.
Труфанов, Г. А., Сергеевна, Б. Н., Вячеславович, Т. В., & Evstafev, A. V. (2024) · Конфликтология / nota bene · doi:10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69808
Klomek, A. B., Olenik‐Shemesh, D., Heiman, T., & Nisenboym, O. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2025.2553049
- Authors
- Brack, K., & Caltabiano, N.
- Affiliations
- James Cook University (AU)
- ORCID
- Caltabiano, Nerina
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace
- Publisher
- Masaryk University Press
- Published
- 2014-07-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1802-7962 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054946726
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 9.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, self-esteem, young adults, prevalence, gender differences
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