Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying

Kowalski, Robin M.; Morgan, Chad A.; Limber, Susan P.

doi:10.1177/0143034312445244

Cited by 310Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionWorkplace Violence and BullyingHate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection

Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying

Kowalski, Robin M., Morgan, Chad A., Limber, Susan P.·2012·School Psychology International

DOI 10.1177/0143034312445244

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Abstract

Although traditional bullying and cyberbullying share features in common, they differ in important ways. For example, cyberbullying is often characterized by perceived anonymity and can occur any time of the day or night. Conversely, perpetrators of traditional bullying are known to the victim, and most traditional bullying occurs at school. Yet, some researchers have suggested that involvement in the two types of bullying may be related. However, little research has modeled the system of relationships among the perpetration and victimization of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. The present study uses path analysis to arrive at a suitable model of these relationships, and describes the gender differences in these relationships. Students ( N = 4,531) in grades 6 through 12 completed a survey examining their involvement in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Analysis proceeded by making fit comparisons among hypothesized path models. More frequent traditional bullying perpetration and victimization were associated with higher frequency of their electronic counterparts. However, the relationship between traditional perpetration and victimization was stronger for females than males as was the effect of traditional victimization on cyber-victimization. Implications for school practitioners are presented.

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The worst psychological impact has been related to being a bully/victim.
“The worst psychological impact has been related to being a bully/victim.”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Kowalski et al., 2012

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Authors: Kowalski, R. M., Morgan, C. A., & Limber, S. P.
Affiliations: Clemson University (US)
Corresponding author: Kowalski, Robin M.
ORCID: Kowalski, Robin M.
Limber, Susan P.
Venue: School Psychology International
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-09-20
Volume: 33
Issue: 5
Pages: 505-519
ISSN: 0143-0343 (ISSN-L)
1461-7374
DOI: 10.1177/0143034312445244
OpenAlex: W2098202740
Cited by: 310
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 40.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: School Psychology International (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
Keywords: traditional bullying, cyberbullying, bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, warning signs, gender differences, school students, perceived anonymity, path analysis

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Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying

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