The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout

“…Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain J. H. L’Abée-Lund Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), P.O. Box 5091, Majorstuen, 0301 Oslo, Norway salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758, or Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp.) (Quinn, 2005; Aas et al., 2011).”

“Semelparous individuals put all their eggs in one breeding “basket,” but individuals within a population vary in their ages at maturity ([Quinn 2005]).”

“More than 90 percent of the salmon that survive in the ocean come back to the rivers where they hatched in order to spawn and die (Quinn, 2005).”

“Another morpho-344 ecotype, known as kokanee, spends its entire life cycle in fresh water, with native populations 345 in lakes scattered throughout the range and introduced populations more broadly distributed 346 (Quinn 2018).”

“Taken together, our findings provide evidence of an ongoing process of invasion and”

“This is particularly problematic for long-developing species or for organisms in variable climates, where embryos incubating at colder temperatures often require fewer thermal units to complete development than those incubating in warmer environments (Quinn 2018).”

“Intraspecific diversity is exceptionally high in Oncorhynchus mykiss , a salmonid widely distributed across the North Pacific Rim that exhibits both a freshwater resident form (rainbow trout) and an anadromous form (steelhead) (Quinn 2007).”

“…fish—globally, aqua-culture production surpassed 195 million tons in 2024, with farmed finfish accounting for over 103 million tons, and within this sector rainbow trout consistently ranks among the top farmed species, with major producers including Chile, Norway, Turkey, Iran, and Russia [1–3].”

“…(migration between fresh waters for reproduction and marine waters for growth) during glaciations served as the source for salmon recolonization from coastal habitat following the retreat of continental ice sheets (McPhail and Lindsey, 1986; Quinn, 2005; Waples et al., 2008; Pitman et al., 2020).”

“…et al., 2008); the Salmonidae evolved place-specified stream-type life histo - ries out of ocean-type distributions (see Crespi & Teo, 2002 ; Esteve and McLennan, 2007; Crête-Lafrenière et al., 2012 ; Zhivotovsky, 2015 & Quinn, 2019), and would, with enough loss of gene expression, begin reversion.”

“…et al., 2010 ; Alerstam et al., 2019 ) and sooty shearwaters ( Shaffer et al., 2006 ) that achieve flight distances spanning thousands of kilometers or the precise navigation of anadromous salmon, swimming from the open ocean to return to their natal spawning grounds ( Thorpe, 1988 ; Quinn, 2018 ).”

“Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) fisheries are supported by heterogeneous freshwater habitats, providing economic and cultural ecosystem services through subsistence and commercial harvest [11].”

“…many fish species plays a critical role during their life cycles, influencing diverse behaviors such as finding food, navigation, predator avoidance and reproduction (Hara 1992 ; Dittman and Quinn 1996; Yambe et al. 2006; Gerlach et al. 2007; Quinn 2011; Cripps et al. 2011 ; McIntyre et al. 2012 ).”

“Discrete-time models with seasonal components better capture species like Pacific salmon [27], Atlantic herring [24], and many tropical reef fish [34].”

“Upstream movement when imprinted odours are detected, or downstream movements or vertical and lateral searching when odours are not detected has been described as odour-condition rheotaxis (Quinn 2005).”

“…between some coastal and interior populations could also be influenced by differential introgression of polar bear Ursus maritimus alleles through past hybridization events (Cahill et al. 2015, 2018; Miller et al. 2024), although a potential role for this in coastal BC has not been described.”

“These resident fish are termed rainbow trout (Quinn 2018).”

“…growth across their life span and, as a result, they require a diversity of habitats and have been observed to alter their habitat preferences as they grow (Bjornn and Reiser 1991; Northcote 1997; Quinn 2018; Rosenfeld and Taylor 2009; Gross et al. 1988; Hallbert and Keeley 2024; Li et al. 2016).”

“Most salmon growth occurs at sea, where there is high food availability but also high predation risk compared to initial growth in fresh water (Quinn 2005).”

“In general, populations of sockeye salmon from different rivers are subdivided into distinct local subpopulations and seasonal races, which spawn during the summer (early form) and autumn (late form) (Burgner, 1991; Quinn, 2005).”

“We visually checked model fit.”

“…of sympatric groups that differ in their biological characteristics and type of life strategy, providing the species with stability in unstable habitat conditions (Evolution…, 2004; Quinn, 2005; Pavlov, Savvaitova, 2008; Schindler et al., 2010; Chapman et al., 2011, 2012; Moore et al., 2014).”

“This evolved adaptation in steelhead may contribute to the species’ resiliency and persistence despite anthropogenic effects and environmental variability potentially affecting growth and survival [67-71].”

“Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), native to the west coast of North America (Fuller et al., 1999; Quinn, 2005) and to Russia (Quinn, 2005), is currently considered among the highest species due to its adaptive plasticity on a global scale, due to its robustness relative strength, its tolerance…”

“(Леванидов, 1964; Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon, 1995; Quinn, 2018); кроме того, увеличивается стреинг производителей и их распростра-”

“Where these habitats are available, salmonines may use them extensively (Hutchings 1986; Quinn 2005; Jonsson and Jonsson 2011), with development of freshwater residency in lakes following postglacial formation of such habitats (e.g., Berg 1985), as well as rapid development of such life histories…”

“All Pacific salmon species are anadromous with the exception of some species, particularly sockeye and masu salmom, having nonanadromous populations (Quinn 2005).”

“Plus de 90 % des saumons ayant survécu dans l’océan nagent vers leur rivière natale pour y pondre, puis y mourir (Quinn, 2005).”

“The high FST values observed between all other populations and regions in this study reflect the large geographic range surveyed in addition to the extreme philopatry of the species which results in strong genetic differences across even small geographic scales (Quinn, 2005).”

“Sockeye salmon are an excellent species in which to examine the parental effects of stress on offspring as a great deal is known about their distribution, migratory life history, and spawning physiology (Groot & Margolis 1991; Quinn 2005; Hinch et al. 2006).”