The behavior and ecology of Pacific salmon and trout

“This information is subsequently used for navigation and recognition upon return (Dittman, Quinn, & Nevitt, 1996; Quinn, 2005; Ueda, Yamamoto, & Hino, 2007).”

“Potential Significance of Biogenic Bedforms to Aquatic Animals Aquatic animals in rivers actively construct pits and mounds to provide shelter to avoid predators (Statzner et al., 2000) and to situate eggs (Groot & Margolis, 1991; Quinn, 2018).”

“This may reflect a situation in the wild wherein fish leave their natal habitats quickly after emergence [24,50], and this allows for testing of the effect of temperature and size regardless of promotion of activity by social interaction [22].”

“(Hendry et al. 2004; Quinn 2005) whereby adults return to their hatchery of origin or a juvenile release 98 site (i.”

“Strong natal homing results in restricted gene flow between salmon breeding groups (Quinn 2005) and allows adaptive trait divergence between populations under varying selection regimes, including predation.”

“…as covering because they were performed at the center of the pit, which seems to be another maladaptive behavior (covering digs are always performed laterally from the upstream rim of the nest; Groot 1996, Quinn 2005), and they did not occur in the immediate seconds following spawning act.”

“…32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Peer Review 4 of Salmonids in streams (Hearn, 1987; Rosenfeld et al., 2000; Quinn, 2005); however, the 89 importance of interactions between sculpin and salmonids has received considerably less 90 attention.”

“A large body of literature has focused on the effects of habitat and interactions on the distribution of Salmonids in streams (Hearn, 1987; Rosenfeld et al., 2000; Quinn, 2005); however, the importance of interactions between sculpin and salmonids has received considerably less attention.”

“For Pacific salmon, length is a trait that accrues throughout life history stages and across environments and is often a locally adapted trait (Quinn 2005).”

“Conversely, the name ‘rainbow trout’ refers to conspecifics that remain in freshwater for their entire life cycle (Kendall et al., 2015 ; Quinn, 2018 ).”

“Nevertheless, the hierarchical genetic structure observed in Nunavik salmon rivers is consistent with our expectations given the species' strong homing behavior, which reduces gene flow from one river to another (Keefer & Caudill, 2014; Quinn, 2018) and thus increases divergence.”

“Steelhead smolts are on average larger (fork-length) and tend to be more surface-oriented compared with salmon smolts [3, 34], traits that make steelhead especially susceptible to plunge-diving and surface-snatching foragers like terns and gulls [20, 22–23].”

“Steelhead, the anadromous form of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), is an iconic species found across the Pacific Rim of North America and Asia from southern California to Alaska and across the Bering Sea to the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia (Burgner et al. 1992; Light et al. 1989; Myers 2018; Quinn 2005).”

“can broadly be described as migrating to oceans as smolts and spending several years growing 67 and maturing in salt water before returning to their natal streams and rivers (13).”

“Though many populations spawn near the coasts, some travel over 1,000 km upstream (Groot & Margolis, 1991; Quinn, 2018).”

“In addition, fish eggs, even within the Oncorhynchus genus, exhibit differential provisioning, leading to variability in size and lipid content thereby influencing POP concentrations (Quinn, 2018).”

“However, due to a multitude of factors that include habitat changes by humans, exploitation, and habitat pollution, salmon stocks have been declining throughout their native range in the Northern Hemisphere (Gustafson et al., 2007; Quinn, 2018).”

“Salmonids have evolved temperaturespecific life-history strategies to ensure that spawning occurs at a time of year that will maximize incubation and emergence survival of their offspring (Quinn 2005).”

“These forms may exhibit variable age at maturity, and, unlike many Pacific salmon species, rainbow trout may reproduce multiple times throughout their lifetime (Quinn, 2005).”

“Many previous studies on juvenile salmon habitat use come from riverine environments (Quinn 2005; Pavlov et al. 2008; Railsback et al. 2013), which have different habitat types than off-channel areas.”

“Salmonids within the genus Oncorhynchus have been studied well (Groot et al. 2002; Quinn 2005).”

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“Anadromous salmonids, because of their high degree of philopatry, exhibit strong local adaptation to the habitats they occupy (Quinn 2005); thus, habitat changes can have substantial effects on survival (e.g., Mantua et al. 2010).”

“Notably, the Fraser watershed hosts the largest and most economically valuable salmon runs in BC (and indeed, the world; Quinn 2005).”

“Chum and pink salmon have anadromous life histories, where fish live in a freshwater habitat during the embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages and in a marine habitat during juvenile to immature stages (Quinn, 2005).”

“(Quinn 2005).”

“…Health Organization's (WHO) acceleration plan to counter obesity, endorsed by member states at the 75th World Health Assembly (2022), highlights the global burden and threat of obesity as a major risk factor in many noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and a massive public health challenge (WHO 2018).”

“…indicate limited successful admixture among populations, it does not preclude the possibility that non-natal adults are present but not reproductively active (a phenomenon that has been observed in anadromous salmonids [47]) or low fitness or phenological mismatch limit successful reproduction.”

“The steelhead are a large-bodied fish; adults average 721 mm in length across their native range (Quinn, 2018).”

“[accessed 2020 Mar 22];77:1151–1162. https://doi.org/10.2307/2265584 Quinn TP, Unwin MJ, Kinnison MT. 2000.”

“4 recreational, tribal, and commercial fisheries and is considered one of the most 89 valuable Pacific salmon species in North America (Quinn 2005).”

“First, resident Redband Trout likely show spawning site fidelity similar to anadromous steelhead and other salmonids, who tend to spawn near the natal area where they were born (Quinn 2005), which limits gene flow over longer distances.”

“Variation in juvenile and adult migration timing, both among and within populations of Chinook Salmon, is well documented (Gilbert 1912; Healey 1991; Waples et al. 2001; Quinn 2005).”

“In addition, populations that migrate long distances to spawning grounds enter fresh water with higher energy stores than populations with shorter migrations (Gilhousen 1980; Brett 1995; Crossin et al. 2004; Quinn 2005).”

“Since the olfactory hypothesis of salmon imprinting and homing to the natal stream was proposed by Hasler and Wisby [36] and Wisby and Hasler [37], the mechanisms underlying the olfactory imprinting and homing abilities of salmon have been intensively studied [38–48].”

“Similar sex disparities in the degree of non-anadromy and precocial maturation in fresh water occur in several other salmonids (Quinn, 2005; Thériault et al., 2008; Dodson et al., 2013).”

“In some fish species, especially salmonids, spawning site selection is often measured as a correlate of individual reproductive success (Quinn, 2005), but direct measurements of the importance of microhabitat in determining this component of fitness remains difficult and elusive for many aquatic species.”

“Others have observed that long-term exposure to high intensity noise can cause fish to experience ongoing physiological stress, which in turn may affect their immune systems and make them more susceptible to disease (Quinn, 2007; Masud et al., 2020; Sholes and Coffin, 2023).”

“Despite the ability of salmonids, including WCT, to migrate and disperse vast distances [50,51], lifetime movement is often highly restricted in resident, stream-dwelling salmonids [52].”

“Pink salmon, chum salmon, and masu salmon running up Japanese rivers spawn during the summer, fall and winter (Kuzishchin et al. 2009, Kovach et al. 2012, Quinn 2018, Iida et al. 2021).”

“However, the number of released females is expected to be a limiting factor for the reproductive success of males resulting in intrasexual competition among the released males (Quinn, 2011).”

“Brook Charr display high levels of genetic variability, and Stoneking et al.”

“habitats and have generation times that take several years to complete (Quinn, 2005; Webb, Verspoor, Aubin-Horth, Romakkaniemi, & Amiro, 2007).”

“Several generalizing results of various published studies may be noted: Groot and Margolis (1991), Karpenko (1998), Gritsenko (2002), Quinn (2005), Shuntov and Temnykh (2008), Pavlov et al. (2010, 2011).”

“I followed the old adage, “write about what you know” and so I wrote a book about the behaviour and ecology of salmon and trout (Quinn, 2005), with a second edition scheduled for publication in the fall of 2018.”

“The in-and-out movement in estuaries that we infer from the data is not a characteristic salmonid pattern; the obligate anadromous Pacific salmon species move definitively to marine habitat at seaward migration, as do steelhead (Quinn 2005).”

“Contributing to evolution of these migratory patterns is their homing fidelity to natal spawning rivers that allow for reproductive isolation and development of unique evolutionary trajectories (Waples 2001; Quinn 2004).”

“In most Salmonid species, males can be separated into two life forms: (1) the anadromous form, which migrates into the ocean and returns to the river for spawning, and (2) the resident form, which remains and matures in the river [4, 5].”

“Upon emergence from the gravel, Chinook salmon may move downstream to sea that spring, as fry, or from early to late summer after several months of growth in the river (Healey 1980; Levings et al. 1986; Fisher and Pearcy 1990; Healey 1991; Quinn 2005).”

“typically spawn in streams or lakes, spend a variable amount of time as fry in freshwater, and move into marine waters for 2 to 7 years before returning as adults to spawn in freshwater (Quinn 2005).”

“The timing of salmon movements in freshwater tends to follow repeatable patterns, as do their spatial habitat preferences (Quinn 2005).”

“Over time, this could result in the decline of migratory populations (Quinn 2011).”

“The salmon life history strategies represent combinations of (1) “stream-type” versus “ocean-type” (Quinn 2018), which differ in whether juveniles spend a full year rearing in fresh-water before migrating to the ocean, and (2) spring-run versus fall-run ecotypes, which differ in the timing of adult…”

“Large populations of sockeye salmon display metapopulation characteristics (Schtickzelle & Quinn, 2007) and are subdivided into distinct local subpopulations and seasonal races (Burgner, 1991; Quinn, 2005).”

“There is a known relationship between fecundity and size in salmon (Healey & Heard, 1984), as well as female length/age and offspring survival (Quinn, 2005).”