Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormones in humans: epidemiological observations and implications
Open accessAbstract
Thyroid hormones play crucial roles in normal neurodevelopment of fetus and child. Many chemicals can affect control and homeostasis of thyroid hormones, and eventually lead to various adverse health effects including neurodevelopmental disorders. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are among the thyroid disrupting chemicals that can be encountered among general human population. Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, PFASs have been used as surfactants and surface coating materials in many applications. Therefore, PFASs have been frequently detected in humans and environment worldwide. In cross-sectional studies using nationally representative general human populations of United States, several PFASs have shown significant associations with thyroid hormones. Moreover, among pregnant women and their infants, not only major PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, but also those with shorter or longer carbon chains showed significant associations with thyroid hormones. Often demographic characteristics such as sex, age, and disease status appear to influence the associations between PFASs exposure and thyroid hormones. In general, major PFASs showed hypothyroidism effects among pregnant women and infants. As 8 carbon based PFASs have been phased out, those with shorter or longer carbon chains have been used in growing amount as replacement. However, only limited information is available for their occurrences and toxicity among humans. Further investigations on these substituting PFASs are required. In addition, efforts are warranted to identify sources of and mitigate exposure to these thyroid disrupting chemicals especially during pregnancy and early stages of life.
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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) — Fibrous substrates
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“Long-chain PFAS (C > 8) tend to have longer biological half-lives than short-chain PFASs [11].”
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“Lee and Choi (2017) found that PFCs showed hypothyroidism effects among pregnant women and neonates.”
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“The binding of perfluoroalkyl substances with transthyretin, a transporter of thyroid hormones, can elevate free thyroxine (fT4) levels, facilitating its metabolic excretion [66].”
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“Growing evidence indicates the toxicity of PFASs, linking exposure to liver damage [3], thyroid dysfunction [4], metabolic disorders [5], reproductive issues [6], and cancer [7].”
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“For instance, PFASs have been shown to impact thyroid hormone levels [33,34] and thyroid stimulating hormones stimulate folate-dependent bioprocesses [35].”
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“The environmental chemicals PFOA and PFOS are potential thyroid disrupting agents, which have received special attention regarding chemical interaction with T4-TTR binding affinities and overall impact on TH homeostasis (Lee and Choi, 2017).”
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“Exposure to PFAS 53 can result in adverse health effects, that have been observed both in toxicological [5-10] and 54 epidemiological studies [11-17].”
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“PFAS exhibits endocrine-disrupting properties, which can lead to fluctuations in hormone levels and subsequent impacts on various physiological processes (Lee and Choi 2017).”
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Self-citationMetal-organic frameworks for the treatment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Thanh, N. C., Natarajan, A., & Công, N. T. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.117274
- Authors
- Lee, J. E., & Choi, K.
- Affiliations
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Choi, Kyungho
- ORCID
- Choi, Kyungho
- Venue
- Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6
- ISSN
- 2287-1012 (ISSN-L)
- 2287-1292
- PMC
- PMC5401824
- OpenAlex
- W2606940716
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Environment (RE201603033)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFAS exposure, thyroid hormones, thyroid disrupting chemicals, hypothyroidism, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, short-chain PFASs, carbon chain length, pregnancy, infants, brain development, exposure sources
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