Estimating the Dynamic Early Life Exposure to PFOA and PFOS of the HELIX Children: Emerging Profiles via Prenatal Exposure, Breastfeeding, and Diet
Open accessAbstract
In utero and children's exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a major concern in health risk assessment as early life exposures are suspected to induce adverse health effects. Our work aims to estimate children's exposure (from birth to 12 years old) to PFOA and PFOS, using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling approach. A model for PFAS was updated to simulate the internal PFAS exposures during the in utero life and childhood, and including individual characteristics and exposure scenarios (e.g., duration of breastfeeding, weight at birth, etc.). Our approach was applied to the HELIX cohort, involving 1,239 mother-child pairs with measured PFOA and PFOS plasma concentrations at two sampling times: maternal and child plasma concentrations (6 to 12 y.o). Our model predicted an increase in plasma concentrations during fetal development and childhood until 2 y.o when the maximum concentrations were reached. Higher plasma concentrations of PFOA than PFOS were predicted until 2 y.o, and then PFOS concentrations gradually became higher than PFOA concentrations. From 2 to 8 y.o, mean concentrations decreased from 3.1 to 1.88 µg/L or ng/mL (PFOA) and from 4.77 to 3.56 µg/L (PFOS). The concentration-time profiles vary with the age and were mostly influenced by in utero exposure (on the first 4 months after birth), breastfeeding (from 5 months to 2 (PFOA) or 5 (PFOS) y.o of the children), and food intake (after 3 (PFOA) or 6 (PFOS) y.o of the children). Similar measured biomarker levels can correspond to large differences in the simulated internal exposures, highlighting the importance to investigate the children's exposure over the early life to improve exposure classification. Our approach demonstrates the possibility to simulate individual internal exposures using PBPK models when measured biomarkers are scarce, helping risk assessors in gaining insight into internal exposure during critical windows, such as early life.
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A 2023 physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model estimated mean PFOS levels of 7-12 ng/mL and PFOA levels of 3-6 ng/mL in children aged 6-12, aligning with biomonitoring observations.
“A 2023 physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model estimated mean PFOS levels of 7–12 ng/mL and PFOA levels of 3–6 ng/mL in children aged 6–12, aligning with biomonitoring observations [63].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Section 3.2.1 (Plasma; page unavailable) confirms that the paper used a PBPK model to predict children's PFOA and PFOS concentrations. It does not support the quoted levels or age range: predictions extend only to age 10, and the reported population maximum concentrations are 6.02 ng/mL for PFOS and 4.80 ng/mL for PFOA, reached in infancy. The cited paper is dated 2024, not 2023. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA PBPK model applied to the HELIX cohort (1239 mother-child pairs) estimated that PFAS levels peak around age 2, with initial predominance of PFOA over PFOS before reversing later in childhood.
“A PBPK model applied to the HELIX cohort (1239 mother–child pairs) estimated that PFAS levels peak around age 2, with initial predominance of PFOA over PFOS before reversing later in childhood.”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
The Introduction identifies a HELIX subcohort of 1,239 mother–child pairs. Section 3.2.1 reports higher predicted PFOA than PFOS concentrations during pregnancy, followed by higher median PFOS from age one. But it places the population concentration peaks at approximately six months for PFOA and nine months for PFOS—not around age two. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAverage PFAS concentrations declined by age 8 (PFOA: 3.1 → 1.9 ng/mL; PFOS: 4.8 → 3.6 ng/mL), with exposure driven by prenatal transfer, breastfeeding (up to 2-5 years), and food ingestion.
“Average concentrations declined by age 8 (PFOA: 3.1 → 1.9 ng/mL; PFOS: 4.8 → 3.6 ng/mL), with exposure driven by prenatal transfer, breastfeeding (up to 2–5 years), and food ingestion [63].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Sections 3.2 and 3.3 identify prenatal exposure, breastfeeding and diet as pathways affecting the HELIX children’s PFOA and PFOS levels; section 3.3.3 says diet becomes the main source as children get older. The cited copy does not report the claimed declines from 3.1 to 1.9 ng/mL and 4.8 to 3.6 ng/mL by age 8. It also does not establish 2–5 years as a general duration of breastfeeding-related exposure; section 3.3.2 emphasizes its importance in the first months of life. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Kim, J. H., Jung, J., & Kwak, J. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c05230
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- Authors
- Ratier, A., Casas, M., Grazuleviciene, R., Slama, R., Småstuen Haug, L., Thomsen, C., Vafeiadi, M., Wright, J., Zeman, F. A., Vrijheid, M., & Brochot, C.
- Affiliations
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (FR)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ratier, Aude
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 186
- Pages
- 108621
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4394579298
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Vytautas Magnus University (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CEX2018-000806-S)
- Ministero della transizione ecologica
- European Commission (2011-2014, 2019–2023, 308333, 101057014)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (CEX2018-000806-S)
- Helse- og Omsorgsdepartementet
- Fondation de France
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MTM2015-68140- R, Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023, CEX2018-000806-S)
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (101057014)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CEX2018-000806-S, PRB2-ISCIII)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, early life exposure, children, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling, internal radiation exposure, prenatal exposure, breastfeeding, dietary exposure, plasma concentration, biomarkers, exposure assessment, fetal development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Breast Feeding, Caprylates, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Maternal Exposure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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