The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Current State of Commercial Wearable Technology in Physical Activity Monitoring 2015-2017
Open accessAbstract
Wearable physical activity trackers are a popular and useful method to collect biometric information at rest and during exercise. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize recent findings of wearable devices for biometric information related to steps, heart rate, and caloric expenditure for several devices that hold a large portion of the market share. Searches were conducted in both PubMed and SPORTdiscus. Filters included: humans, within the last 5 years, English, full-text, and adult 19+ years. Manuscripts were retained if they included an exercise component of 5-min or greater and had 20 or more participants. A total of 10 articles were retained for this review. Overall, wearable devices tend to underestimate energy expenditure compared to criterion laboratory measures, however at higher intensities of activity energy expenditure is underestimated. All wrist and forearm devices had a tendency to underestimate heart rate, and this error was generally greater at higher exercise intensities and those that included greater arm movement. Heart rate measurement was also typically better at rest and while exercising on a cycle ergometer compared to exercise on a treadmill or elliptical machine. Step count was underestimated at slower walking speeds and in free-living conditions, but improved accuracy at faster speeds. The majority of the studies reviewed in the present manuscript employed different methods to assess validity and reliability of wearable technology, making it difficult to compare devices. Standardized protocols would provide guidance for researchers to evaluate research-grade devices as well as commercial devices used by the lay public.
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“A recent review by Bunn et al [33] showed that EE was generally underestimated by physical activity devices and that HR measurements were generally more accurate at rest or on a cycle ergometer as compared with treadmill.”
From Accuracy of Wrist-Worn Activity Monitors During Common Daily Physical Activities and Types of Structured Exercise: Evaluation Study (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
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Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers
Evenson, K. R., Goto, M. M., & Furberg, R. D. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0314-1 · Cited by 1,232
Variable Accuracy of Wearable Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic Exercise
GILLINOV, S., ETIWY, M., WANG, R., BLACKBURN, G., PHELAN, D., GILLINOV, A. M., HOUGHTALING, P., JAVADIKASGARI, H., & DESAI, M. Y. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001284 · Cited by 345
Accuracy of Heart Rate Watches: Implications for Weight Management
Wallen, M. P., Gomersall, S. R., Keating, S. E., Wisløff, U., & Coombes, J. S. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154420 · Cited by 336
Reliability and Validity of Ten Consumer Activity Trackers Depend on Walking Speed
Fokkema, T., Kooiman, T. J. M., Krijnen, W. P., van der Schans, C. P., & de Groot, M. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001146 · Cited by 212
Validity of Consumer-Based Physical Activity Monitors for Specific Activity Types
Nelson, M. B., Kaminsky, L. A., Dickin, D. C., & Montoye, A. H. K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000933 · Cited by 206
Validation of Biofeedback Wearables for Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Tracking.
(2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 150
How valid are wearable physical activity trackers for measuring steps?
An, H., Jones, G. C., Kang, S., Welk, G. J., & Lee, J. M. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1255261 · Cited by 131
Validity of FitBit, Jawbone UP, Nike+ and other wearable devices for level and stair walking
Huang, Y., Xu, J., Yu, B., & Shull, P. B. (2016) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.04.025 · Cited by 129
Chowdhury, E. A., Western, M. J., Nightingale, T. E., Peacock, O. J., & Thompson, D. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171720 · Cited by 118
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Fuller, D., Colwell, E., Low, J., Orychock, K., Tobin, M. A., Simango, B., Buote, R., Van Heerden, D., Luan, H., Cullen, K., et al. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/18694 · Cited by 715
Accuracy of Fitbit Devices: Systematic Review and Narrative Syntheses of Quantitative Data
Feehan, L. M., Geldman, J., Sayre, E. C., Park, C., Ezzat, A. M., Yoo, J. Y., Hamilton, C. B., & Li, L. C. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/10527 · Cited by 616
Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise
Fletcher, G. F., Landolfo, C. K., Niebauer, J., Ozemek, C., Arena, R. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2141 · Cited by 550
Hall, K. S., Hyde, E. T., Bassett, D. R., Carlson, S. A., Carnethon, M. R., Ekelund, U., Evenson, K. R., Galuska, D. A., Kraus, W. E., Lee, I.-M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00978-9 · Cited by 361
Nelson, B. W., & Allen, N. B. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/10828 · Cited by 310
Metadata
- Authors
- Bunn, J., Navalta, J. W., Fountaine, C. J., & Reece, J.
- Affiliations
- Campbell University (US)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- University of Minnesota, Duluth (US)
- Brigham Young University–Hawaii (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Exercise Science
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 503-515
- ISSN
- 1939-795X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5841672
- OpenAlex
- W2786432503
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nd
- Locations
- International journal of exercise science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- wearable devices, wearable activity trackers, step count accuracy, heart rate measurement, energy expenditure, underestimation of energy expenditure, exercise intensity, walking speed, device validation, wrist-worn devices, treadmill exercise, cycle ergometry
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