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Cited by 321SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesRNA Interference and Gene Delivery

mRNA vaccines for COVID-19: what, why and how

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Park, Jung Woo, Lagniton, Philip N.P., Liu, Yu, Xu, Ren-He·2021·International Journal of Biological Sciences
DOI 10.7150/ijbs.59233PMC PMC8071766
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Abstract

The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), has impacted human lives in the most profound ways with millions of infections and deaths. Scientists and pharmaceutical companies have been in race to produce vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine generation usually demands years of developing and testing for efficacy and safety. However, it only took less than one year to generate two mRNA vaccines from their development to deployment. The rapid production time, cost-effectiveness, versatility in vaccine design, and clinically proven ability to induce cellular and humoral immune response have crowned mRNA vaccines with spotlights as most promising vaccine candidates in the fight against the pandemic. In this review, we discuss the general principles of mRNA vaccine design and working mechanisms of the vaccines, and provide an up-to-date summary of pre-clinical and clinical trials on seven anti-COVID-19 mRNA candidate vaccines, with the focus on the two mRNA vaccines already licensed for vaccination. In addition, we highlight the key strategies in designing mRNA vaccines to maximize the expression of immunogens and avoid intrinsic innate immune response. We also provide some perspective for future vaccine development against COVID-19 and other pathogens.

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  • Protein-based vaccinations are usually made from bacteria, whereas mRNA vaccines can be produced by the host translation machinery, resulting in an antigen that closely resembles the structure of the protein released from the viral genome.

    “Protein-based vaccinations are usually made from bacteria, however mRNA vaccines can be produced by the host translation machinery, resulting in an antigen that closely resembles the structure of the protein released from the viral genome (Park et al. 2021).”

    From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Park et al. 2021

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Park, J. W., Lagniton, P. N. P., Liu, Y., & Xu, R.-H.
Affiliations
University of Macau (MO)
Corresponding author
Xu, Ren-He
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Biological Sciences
Publisher
Ivyspring International Publisher
Published
2021
Volume
17
Issue
6
Pages
1446-1460
ISSN
1449-2288 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.7150/ijbs.59233
PMC
PMC8071766
OpenAlex
W3154965281
Cited by
321
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 13
FWCI
7.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • International Journal of Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Universidade de Macau (095/2017/A1, CPG2021-00031-FHS)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Keywords
mRNA vaccines, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine design, vaccine mechanism of action, clinical trials, innate immune response, immunogenicity, vaccine development
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Humans, RNA, Messenger, Pandemics

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