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Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

Open access
Moury, Pierre-Henri, Tromhae, Marcelin, Cazorla, Cécile, Série, Mathieu, Flahault, Antoine, Couadau, Emmanuel, Fleury, Cynthia, Mangeas, Morgan +1 more·2025·Journal of Global Health
DOI 10.7189/jogh.15.03004PMC PMC11781806
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Abstract

New Caledonia is currently seeking its future institutional framework through political battles and violent clashes within the population. Numerous injuries have been reported and healthcare facilities destroyed [1,2]. This unprecedent destruction of the region’s health system, unprecedented in the context of the modern French Republic, will negatively impact the burden of many diseases in a […]

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This commentary argues that colonial transition is a major mediator of global health transition, using the 2024 New Caledonia crisis to link decolonisation, social inequities, and health-system destruction. It calls for community-targeted care and a field-based approach to restore dignity and equitable health governance.

Key findings

  • The 2024 civil unrest produced 13 reported deaths from violent causes, destroyed pharmacies, dialysis centres, and general practitioner offices, and led to an unprecedented emigration of healthcare workers; the number of wounded or people with delayed treatment was challenging to ascertain.
  • New Caledonia’s 2019 census covered approximately 270 000 inhabitants and reported about 40% Kanak, 30% Europeans, 8% Polynesians from Wallis-and-Futuna, 8% of different origin, 7% claiming more than one origin, and 8% not declaring any group.
  • Table 1 shows marked inequities: 66% of Kanak had no diploma vs 10% of Europeans; 14% of Kanak held executive positions vs 73% of Europeans; diabetes was 16% among Kanak vs 7.6% among Europeans; mean BMI was 30 kg/m² among Kanak vs 25 kg/m² among Europeans.
  • During the COVID-19 pandemic, the second referendum had 86% participation with 53% voting against independence and 47% for; the third had 44% participation with 96.5% against and 3.5% for. The delta surge caused almost 100 deaths per 100 000 population in three months when less than 30% were vaccinated.

Methods

  • Narrative/commentary synthesis combining historical background with epidemiological, demographic, and climatic lenses of global health transition.
  • Uses data from the 2019 census (approximately 270 000 inhabitants), the 2021–22 Baromètre steps survey of 2880 inhabitants, and mapped health, demographic, and leptospirosis data.
  • Table 1 reports descriptive statistics with Fisher’s exact test or Kruskal-Wallis test; no formal study design, sampling, or primary statistical modelling is described.

Limitations

  • The paper states that at the time of writing the authors could not predict the extent of the civil unrest’s consequences, that the number of wounded or those with delayed treatment was challenging to ascertain, and that mental health determinants in New Caledonia are poorly studied.
  • It also notes that emergencies, economic burdens, and crises had reversed progress made in the “Do Kamo road map.”
  • Evident from the text: this is a commentary/perspective rather than a systematic study, with no primary data collection or formal causal analysis; the links between colonial transition and health outcomes are interpretive.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7189/jogh.15.03004

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

12 of 25 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Behavioural responses to the learning scheme were mainly dependent on the ethnic group.

    “behavioural responses to the learning scheme were mainly dependent on the ethnic group [8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Frayon, 2023, An examination of procrastination in a multi-ethnic population of adolescents from New Caledonia., BMC Psychol source

      The Results (Regression analysis; page unavailable) report that procrastination scores among New Caledonian adolescents were significantly associated with ethnicity. The paper measures procrastination, not behavioural responses to a learning scheme, and also identifies sex and age as significant factors; it does not establish that responses were mainly dependent on ethnic group. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    Mental health disorders emerge as a significant concern during the colonisation transition, in line with mechanisms discussed by Fanon.

    “In view of NCDs, mental health disorders emerge as a significant concern during the colonisation transition, in line with the mechanisms discussed by Fanon [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Mathieu, 2021, Suicide and suicide attempts in the Pacific Islands: A Systematic Literature Review., Lancet Reg Health West Pac source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) treats mental health conditions as relevant to suicidal behaviour and recounts earlier studies linking social disintegration to rapid urbanisation and Westernisation. The Results (page unavailable) also describe suicide among Indian-Fijians in relation to a history of colonisation and indenture. The review does not establish that mental health disorders emerge during a colonisation transition or discuss Fanon's mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingnone given

    The distribution of leptospirosis cases is highest in areas where the majority of Kanak people reside.

    “The distribution of cases is the highest in areas where the majority of Kanak people reside”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Adolescents of European origin exhibit significantly higher self-esteem than others.

    “with adolescents of European origin exhibiting it significantly higher than others [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Frayon, 2021, Associations between weight status, body satisfaction, ethnic identity and self-esteem in Oceanian adolescents., Pediatr Obes source
  • Premisecitation

    Ethnic identity is a strong mediator of self-esteem.

    “ethnic identity was found to be a strong mediator of self-esteem”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Frayon, 2021, Associations between weight status, body satisfaction, ethnic identity and self-esteem in Oceanian adolescents., Pediatr Obes source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • May combine two claims. 9

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

    Infectious diseases remain deeply dependent on climate changes and the related surges of zoonotic risks.

    “Infectious disease, meanwhile, remain deeply dependant on climate changes and the related surges of zoonotic risks [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Baker, 2022, Infectious disease in an era of global change., Nat Rev Microbiol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The educational system based on the French model was likely a factor in the diversification of New Caledonia's population.

    “Although the educational system based on the French model was likely a factor in this diversification”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Frayon, 2023, An examination of procrastination in a multi-ethnic population of adolescents from New Caledonia., BMC Psychol source

      The Background describes New Caledonia’s ethnic composition but does not link that diversity to its educational system. Searches for a French-model educational system and its role in population diversification found no passage addressing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    All ethnic groups in New Caledonia perceive the major periods of human history differently, and such divergences also exist within their communities.

    “All these groups perceive the major periods of human history differently; however, such divergences also exist within their communities [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Sand, 2003, Les aléas de la construction identitaire multi-ethnique en Nouvelle-Calédonie: quel passé pour un avenir commun?, J Soc Océan source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A recent survey found that two-thirds of the population of New Caledonia was affected by obesity or overweight.

    “A recent survey found that two-thirds of the population was affected by obesity or overweight”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] Frayon, 2020, Overweight in the pluri-ethnic adolescent population of New Caledonia: Dietary patterns, sleep duration and screen time., Lancet Reg Health West Pac source

      The Introduction says New Caledonia has been affected by obesity, but gives no two-thirds figure. The Results (Overweight prevalence; page unavailable) report overweight or obesity in 25.4%–35.5% of the adolescents surveyed, not two-thirds of New Caledonia’s population. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [21] Agence Sanitaire et Sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Epidémiologie. 2024. Available: https://www.santepourtous.nc/les-thematiques/mange-mieux-bouge-plus/obesite-en-nc/epidemiologie. Accessed: 9 October 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [22] Agence Sanitaire et Sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Enquête Steps Baromètre Santé Adulte 2021-2022. Nouméa, New Caledionia: Agence Sanitaire et Sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie; 2023. Available: https://www.santepourtous.nc/images/st-barometre-sante-adulte/st-pdf/st-rapport-baromtre-v10-lq.pdf. Accessed: 9 October 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is a notable association between outbreaks of leptospirosis and heavy rain influenced by ocean stream patterns.

    “with a notable association between outbreaks of leptospirosis, a neglected tropical bacterial zoonotic disease, and heavy rain influenced by ocean stream patterns [26]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Weinberger, 2014, El Niño Southern Oscillation and Leptospirosis Outbreaks in New Caledonia., PLoS Negl Trop Dis source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Body mass index is significantly higher for the Oceanian population and teenagers in New Caledonia.

    “with a significantly higher body mass index for the Oceanian population and teenagers [20–22] (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] Frayon, 2020, Overweight in the pluri-ethnic adolescent population of New Caledonia: Dietary patterns, sleep duration and screen time., Lancet Reg Health West Pac source
    • cites [21] Agence Sanitaire et Sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Epidémiologie. 2024. Available: https://www.santepourtous.nc/les-thematiques/mange-mieux-bouge-plus/obesite-en-nc/epidemiologie. Accessed: 9 October 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [22] Agence Sanitaire et Sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Enquête Steps Baromètre Santé Adulte 2021-2022. Nouméa, New Caledionia: Agence Sanitaire et Sociale de Nouvelle-Calédonie; 2023. Available: https://www.santepourtous.nc/images/st-barometre-sante-adulte/st-pdf/st-rapport-baromtre-v10-lq.pdf. Accessed: 9 October 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Pharmacies, dialysis centres, and general practitioner offices were burned or destroyed as collateral in the 2024 civil unrest, leading to an unprecedented emigration of healthcare workers.

    “Pharmacies, dialysis centres, and general practitioner offices were burned or destroyed as collateral, leading to an unprecedented emigration of healthcare workers (Figure 1, Panel C; Figure S1 in the Online Supplementary Document) [1,2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Riahi S, Detcheverry G, Favenecc C. Crise en Nouvelle-Calédonie: les départs de médecins libéraux font craindre des déserts médicaux. franceinfo. 30 July 2024. Available: https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/crise-en-nouvelle-caledonie-les-departs-de-medecins-font-craindre-des-deserts-medicaux-1508744.html. Accessed: 8 October 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [2] Baroux, 2024, Riots in New Caledonia: Impact of constrained management on peritoneal dialysis patients., Bull Dial À Domic source

      In “Émeutes et conséquences” (page unavailable), the paper says the peritoneal-dialysis team’s offices were ransacked and describes damage to its treatment room. It reports restricted access to pharmacies and dialysis facilities, but does not say that pharmacies, dialysis centres, or general-practitioner offices were burned or destroyed, or that the unrest caused an unprecedented emigration of healthcare workers. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Pacific Islands have one of the highest suicide rates worldwide.

    “which have one of the highest rate in suicide worldwide.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Mathieu, 2021, Suicide and suicide attempts in the Pacific Islands: A Systematic Literature Review., Lancet Reg Health West Pac source

      The Introduction says the Pacific Islands have some of the highest suicide rates in the Western Pacific Region, and that several islands exceed the global average. It does not establish that the islands have one of the highest suicide rates worldwide; the Results’ global comparison concerns youth suicide attempts, not suicide deaths. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies conducted in New Caledonia reported specific alcohol and drug abuse challenges, as well as high rates of suicide for young Kanak males.

    “Studies conducted in New Caledonia reported specific alcohol and drug abuse challenges, as well as high rates of suicide for young Kanak males [23–25] (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Mathieu, 2021, Suicide and suicide attempts in the Pacific Islands: A Systematic Literature Review., Lancet Reg Health West Pac source

      The Results (Study details; page unavailable) report that Indigenous Kanak people were overrepresented in suicide deaths, that the male-to-female suicide ratio was 1.7, and that alcohol or other substance-use disorders were among the most common diagnoses. The review does not establish a high suicide rate specifically for young Kanak males, and its substance-use finding concerns people who died by suicide rather than alcohol and drug abuse in the wider population. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [24] Goodfellow, 2020, The WHO/START study in New Caledonia: A psychological autopsy case series., J Affect Disord source
    • cites [25] Vignier, 2011, Kava drinking associated with suicidal behaviour among young Kanaks using kava in New Caledonia., Aust N Z J Public Health source

      The introduction (page unavailable) reports concern about an apparent increase in suicide rates among young men in New Caledonia, but does not identify those men as Kanak or establish a high rate for Kanak males. The Results and Discussion examine substance use and suicidal behaviour among Kanak youth; the Results report that suicide attempts were more common among girls than boys and did not differ significantly by ethnicity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    According to the 2019 census, New Caledonia's population comprised about 40% Kanak, 30% Europeans, 8% Polynesians from Wallis-and-Futuna, 8% of different origin, 7% more than one origin, and 8% who did not declare any group.

    “According to its self-declared 2019 census which collected data on approximately 270 000 inhabitants [6], its population comprised about 40% Kanak, 30% Europeans, and 8% Polynesians from Wallis-and-Futuna 8%, while another 8% declared themselves as being of different origin, 7% claimed more than one origin, and 8% did not declare themselves as belonging to any group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Institut de la Statistique et des Études Économiques-Nouvelle-Calédonie. Une mosaïque pluriethnique. Available: https://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/communautes. Accessed: 24 May 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Healthcare facilities in New Caledonia are primarily concentrated in the South and along the Western coast.

    “yet simultaneously, healthcare facilities are primarily concentrated in the South and along the Western coast.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

    NCDs are closely connected to the ageing of populations (the demographic transition).

    “and are thus closely connected to the ageing of the populations – i.e. the demographic transition [3]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Abegunde, 2007, The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries., Lancet source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

    Epidemiological transitions are defined by a shift from a heavy burden of infectious diseases to a major prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).

    “Epidemiological transitions are defined by a shift from a heavy burden of infectious diseases to a major prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Abegunde, 2007, The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries., Lancet source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

    NCDs currently account for about 80% of all deaths worldwide.

    “which currently account for about 80% of all deaths worldwide”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Abegunde, 2007, The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries., Lancet source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Social inequities in New Caledonia persist despite education and were possibly among the main reasons behind the recent civil unrest.

    “Such social inequities persist despite education and were possibly among the main reasons behind the recent civil unrest (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: New Caledonia is currently seeking its future institutional framework through political battles and violent clashes within the population.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Colonisation has been shaping the sociology, landscape, and health of New Caledonia - from mental health issues to demography and infectious diseases - for nearly 200 years.

    “Colonisation has been shaping the sociology, landscape, and health of the territory – from mental health issues to demography and infectious diseases – for nearly 200 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Being 'inside' and 'outside' of France at the same time has shaped New Caledonia, acting as a double burden.

    “Being ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ of France at the same time has shaped New Caledonia, acting a double burden.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    New Caledonia remains vulnerable to climate change and tropical diseases.

    “The archipelago also remains vulnerable to climate change and tropical diseases (Figure 1, Panel D)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

    The destruction of the health system in New Caledonia will negatively impact the burden of many diseases in the near future.

    “will negatively impact the burden of many diseases in a near future.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The destruction of the region's health system is unprecedented in the context of the modern French Republic.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The psychological trauma stemming from the violence and economic losses in New Caledonia is expected to have long-lasting consequences, with victims among all classes.

    “The psychological trauma stemming from the violence and economic losses is expected to have long-lasting consequences, with victims among all classes of New Caledonia – a context where human resources for basic healthcare are already low.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Thirteen deaths from violent causes have been reported in the 2024 civil unrest in New Caledonia.
    • Rests on an assumption: The Greater Nouméa area saw most of the violence during the 2024 civil unrest.
    • Rests on an assumption: Road barricades prevented entry into the hospital, necessitating the establishment of a temporary pontoon in the mangrove to allow healthcare workers access.
    • Rests on an assumption: Human resources for basic healthcare in New Caledonia are already low.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The 'Do Kamo road map' was developed through a rigorous participatory method aimed at accelerating the transition towards an equitable, sustainable, and local health system.

    “These reflections were part of the ‘Do Kamo road map’, developed through a rigorous participatory method aimed at accelerating the transition towards an equitable, sustainable, and local health system [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Do Kamo être épanoui – Plan de santé calédonien. Nouméa, New Caledionia: Gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie; 2018. Available: https://gouv.nc/sites/default/files/atoms/files/brochure_do_kamo_etre_epanoui_0.pdf. Accessed: 8 October 2024.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Colonial transition as a major mediator of global health transition: lessons from the 2024 New Caledonia crisis

    Colonial transition is a significant mediator of global health transition.

    “we advocate for the implementation of a global health strategy that considers colonial transition as a significant mediator.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
22 of 22

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    New Caledonia is currently seeking its future institutional framework through political battles and violent clashes within the population.

    “New Caledonia is currently seeking its future institutional framework through political battles and violent clashes within the population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The destruction of the region's health system is unprecedented in the context of the modern French Republic.

    “This unprecedent destruction of the region’s health system, unprecedented in the context of the modern French Republic”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    New Caledonia is an autonomous territory of the French Republic located in the South Pacific.

    “New Caledonia is an autonomous territory of the French Republic located in the South Pacific.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    New Caledonia has a multicultural population composed of Melanesian indigenous people (Kanak), Polynesians, Asians, and Europeans.

    “It has a multicultural population composed of Melanesian indigenous people (known as Kanak), Polynesians, Asians, and Europeans.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Thirteen deaths from violent causes have been reported in the 2024 civil unrest in New Caledonia.

    “Thirteen deaths from violent causes have been reported”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Greater Nouméa area saw most of the violence during the 2024 civil unrest.

    “The Greater Nouméa area, encompassing the capital of Nouméaand the surrounding cities, saw most of the violence.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Road barricades prevented entry into the hospital, necessitating the establishment of a temporary pontoon in the mangrove to allow healthcare workers access.

    “Road barricades prevented entry into the hospital, necessitating the establishment of a temporary pontoon in the mangrove to allow the healthcare workers access”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Human resources for basic healthcare in New Caledonia are already low.

    “a context where human resources for basic healthcare are already low.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Determinants of mental health in New Caledonia are currently poorly studied.

    “where determinants of mental health are currently poorly studied”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mechanism behind the power imbalance and the relation between aggressors and victims have become more fluid since the May 2024 crisis.

    “where the mechanism behind the power imbalance and the relation between aggressors and victims have become more fluid since the May 2024 crisis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At the time of writing, emergencies, economic burdens, and crises have reversed any progress made in the Do Kamo project.

    “However, at the time of writing, emergencies, economic burdens, and crises have reversed any progress made in this project.”
11 of 11

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Diabetes percentages contradict the reported counts

    Minor

    For the more-than-one-origin group, the table reports 10 diabetic people as 0% and 99 non-diabetic people as 100%. Neither percentage is consistent with those nonzero counts.

  • European tobacco count exceeds the European health-group count

    Minor

    The table reports 1078 European tobacco smokers, although its health-group heading lists only 521 Europeans.

2 of 2

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Authors
Moury, P.-H., Tromhae, M., Cazorla, C., Série, M., Flahault, A., Couadau, E., Fleury, C., Mangeas, M., & De Greslan, T.
Affiliations
  • University of Geneva (CH)
  • Centre Hospitalier Territorial de Nouvelle-Calédonie (NC)
  • Service de réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Territorial Gaston-Bourret, Dumbea-Sur-Mer, New Caledonia, France
  • Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (FR)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Global Health
Publisher
International Society of Global Health
Published
2025-01-31
Volume
15
Pages
03004-03004
ISSN
  • 2047-2978 (ISSN-L)
  • 2047-2986
DOI
10.7189/jogh.15.03004
PMC
PMC11781806
OpenAlex
W4406982681
Semantic Scholar
d342333096b85dd2cbed247ad72e28881ac01133
Cited by
2
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1
FWCI
2.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Journal of Global Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Conflict Studies
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Global Health and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Practices
Keywords
colonial transition, political violence, health system collapse, disease burden, decolonization, health system resilience

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