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Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of menopause on resting metabolic rate, body composition, fat distribution, physical activity during leisure time, and fasting insulin levels. DESIGN: A longitudinal comparison of metabolic changes in women who experienced menopause with changes in age-matched women who did not experience menopause. SETTING: General clinical research center. PATIENTS: An initial cohort of 35 sedentary healthy premenopausal women (age range, 44 to 48 years). After 6 years of follow-up, 18 women had spontaneously stopped menstruating for at least 12 months and 17 women remained premenopausal. No women received hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: Women who experienced menopause lost more fat-free mass than women who remained premenopausal (-3.0 +/- 1.1 kg and -0.5 +/- 0.5 kg, respectively), had greater decreases in resting metabolic rate (-103 +/- 55 kcal/d and -8 +/- 17 kcal/d) and physical activity during leisure time (-127 +/- 79 kcal/d and 64 +/- 60 kcal/d), and had greater increases in fat mass (2.5 +/- 2 kg and 1.0 +/- 1.5 kg), fasting insulin levels (11 +/- 9 pmol/L and -2 +/- 5 pmol/L), and waist-to-hip ratios (0.04 +/- 0.01 and 0.01 +/- 0.01) (P < or = 0.01 for all comparisons). Menopause did not affect energy intake, fasting glucose levels, or peak oxygen consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Natural menopause is associated with reduced energy expenditure during rest and physical activity, an accelerated loss of fat-free mass, and increased central adiposity and fasting insulin levels. These changes may indicate a worsening cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile.
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“an age-related loss of muscle mass has been observed in women, this loss being particularly important at menopause (323,324).”
From Endocrine and intracrine sources of androgens in women: inhibition of breast cancer and other roles of androgens and their precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (2003) · cites this paper as [324]
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BackgroundInfluentialAdiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome in Women at Menopause.
Mańkowska‐Cyl, A., Nowak-Łoś, L., & Sypniewska, G. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17
Rouen, P. A., Lukacs, J. L., & Reame, N. E. (2010) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800410365368 · Cited by 14
“…preservation of insulin sensitivity in early menopause in conjunction with the rise in AD is counterintuitive, given the reported increases in central adiposity associated with estrogen loss (Poehlman et al., 1995) and the inverse association of AD and IR with these fat depots (Cnop et al., 2003).”
Metabolic Syndrome Emerging from Menopause
Han, M. S. (2011) · Journal of Menopausal Medicine · doi:10.6118/jksm.2011.17.3.127 · Cited by 16
Study on Relation of Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause
Goyal, S., Baruah, M., Devi, R., et al. (2012) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-012-0243-6 · Cited by 15
“The metabolic syndrome (MS) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities and a significant health care problem in postmenopausal women which increases risk of cardiovascular disease [1, 2] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [3].”
BackgroundKoo, B. K., Kim, S. W., Yi, K. H., & Moon, M. K. (2015) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2015.39.2.137 · Cited by 15
“As postmenopausal status is independently associated with abdominal obesity [22,23] and metabolic syndrome [24], we additionally adjusted menopausal state in the analysis of the women of KNHANES 2008 to 2010 and confirmed that only abdomiParameter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P value 2009”
ResultRegulação da massa corpórea pelo estrogênio e pela atividade física
Ignacio, D. L., Frankenfeld, T. G. P., Fortunato, R. S., Vaisman, M., Werneck‐de‐Castro, J. P., & de Carvalho, D. P. (2009) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302009000300003 · Cited by 16
Lin, K., Tsay, S., Tsai, S., Kuo, S., & Chou, P. (2007) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e31803bb22c · Cited by 15
Chu, M. C., Cushman, M., Solomon, R., & Løbo, R. A. (2008) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.04.033 · Cited by 16
Factors predisposing to obesity: a review of the literature
Ali, A. T., & Crowther, N. J. (2010) · South African Family Practice · doi:10.1080/20786204.2010.10873970 · Cited by 15
Chien, L.-W., Lin, M.-H., Chung, H., & Liu, C.-F. (2009) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1093/ecam/nep145 · Cited by 15
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 862121, 7 pages doi:10.1093/ecam/nep145”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on serum leptin levels in postmenopausal women
Lambrinoudaki, I. V., Christodoulakos, G., Panoulis, C., Rizos, D., Dendrinos, S. G., Liakakos, T., Augoulea, A., & Creatsas, G. C. (2003) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.07.001 · Cited by 15
“Menopause is usually associated with weight gain and body fat redistribution with central fat accumulation [11].”
BackgroundAasen, G., Fagertun, H., & Halse, J. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510902778734 · Cited by 14
“Studies using either DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry), CT (computed tomography) (4) or waist-to-hip ratio (5) suggest that menopause is associated with accelerated accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue that is independent of age (6,7) and total body fatness (8,9), and can be observed even during the perimenopausal p…”
MethodRocha, J. S. B., Ogando, B. M. A. P., Reis, V. M. C. P., Ávila, W. R. D. M. E., Carneiro, A. G., Gabriel, R., & Moreira, M. H. R. (2012) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1590/s0100-72032012000900005 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Poehlman, E. T., Toth, M. J., & Gardner, A. W.
- Affiliations
- From the University of Maryland and Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Baltimore VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 1995-11-01
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 673-675
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2072594041
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 5.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- retraction (2003-10-21)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7k04ag000564-06)
- National Institute on Aging (AG07857, T32AG00219, T32AG000219, KO4-AG00564)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- menopause, energy balance, body composition, resting metabolic rate, fat-free mass loss, fat mass, abdominal obesity, waist-to-hip ratio, leisure-time physical activity, energy expenditure, fasting insulin, cardiovascular risk, metabolic risk, premenopausal women
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Composition, Cardiovascular Diseases, Energy Metabolism, Fasting, Female, Humans, Insulin, Longitudinal Studies, Menopause, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Exercise
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