The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metformin: An Update
Abstract
Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent with potent antihyperglycemic properties. Its efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus is similar to that of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. Metformin-based combination therapy is often superior to therapy with a single hypoglycemic agent. The antihyperglycemic properties of metformin are mainly attributed to suppressed hepatic glucose production, especially hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increased peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Although the precise mechanism of hypoglycemic action of metformin remains unclear, it probably interrupts mitochondrial oxidative processes in the liver and corrects abnormalities of intracellular calcium metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes) and cardiovascular tissue.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The principal function of metformin is to reduce hepatic glucose production and to improve peripheral insulin sensitivity, thus ameliorating hyperglycemia (20).”
From Hypoglycemic effects of brassinosteroid in diet-induced obese mice (2012) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
Stratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059
(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200001203420301 · Cited by 8,663
Adler, A. I. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.412 · Cited by 2,133
Bailey, C. J., & Turner, R. C. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602293340906 · Cited by 1,726
Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease
Després, J.-P., Lamarche, B., Mauriège, P., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G. R., Moorjani, S., & Lupien, P.-J. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199604113341504 · Cited by 1,699
Efficacy of Metformin in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A., & Goodman, A. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199508313330902 · Cited by 1,368
Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease
Sowers, J. R., Epstein, M., & Frohlich, E. D. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.37.4.1053 · Cited by 1,344
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Haupt E, 1991, Diabetes Metab, 17, 224
- McFarlane SI, 2001, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 713
- Lalau JD, 1989, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 27, 285
- Reaven GM, 1992, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 74, 1020
- Cusi K, 1998, Diabetes Review, 6, 89
- 10.1210/endo.137.1.8536601 · DOI · Paper page
- Clore JN, 1991, Am J Physiol, 261, E425
- Moghetti P, 2000, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 139
- Steiner G, 2000, Diabetes Care, 23, B49
- Ren J, 1997, Am J Physiol, 272, H148
- Verma S, 1994, Am J Physiol, 266, H714
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The mechanisms of action of metformin
Rena, G., Hardie, D. G., & Pearson, E. R. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z · Cited by 2,287
DeFronzo, R. A., Ratner, R. E., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., & Baron, A. D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092 · Cited by 1,559
Buse, J. B., Henry, R. R., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., Baron, A. D., & for the Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628 · Cited by 1,346
Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes
Rowan, J. A., Hague, W. M., Gao, W., Battin, M. R., & Moore, M. P. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707193 · Cited by 1,291
Kendall, D. M., Riddle, M. C., Rosenstock, J., Zhuang, D., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., & Baron, A. D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1083 · Cited by 1,177
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirpichnikov, D., McFarlane, S. I., & Sowers, J. R.
- Affiliations
- State University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 2002-07-02
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-33
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2046503553
- Cited by
- 1,084
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 5.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL63904-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- metformin, type 2 diabetes, insulin sensitization, antidiabetic drugs, combination therapy, hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic glucose production, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, hypoglycemic mechanism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Metformin, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Vascular Resistance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
